Derivation of predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol based on Chinese resident species

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) is a common chemical intermediate and a by-product of water chlorination and combustion processes, and is a priority pollutant of the aquatic environment in many countries. Although information on the toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP is available, there is a lack of information on the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 2,4,6-TCP, mainly due to the shortage of chronic and site-specific toxicity data. In the present study, acute and sub-chronic toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP on six different resident Chinese aquatic species were determined. PNEC values were calculated and compared by use of two approaches: assessment factor (AF) and species sensitivity distribution (SSD). Values for acute toxicity ranged from 1.1 mg L⁻¹ (Plagiognathops microlepis) to 42 mg L⁻¹ (Corbicula fluminea) and the sub-chronic no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) ranged from 0.05 mg L⁻¹ (Mylopharyngodon piceus) to 2.0 mg L⁻¹ (C. fluminea). PNECs obtained by the assessment factor approach with acute (AF = 1000, 0.001 mg L⁻¹) or chronic (AF = 10, 0.005 mg L⁻¹) toxicity data were one order of magnitude less than those from SSD methods (0.057 mg L⁻¹). PNEC values calculated using SSD methods with a 50% certainty for 2,4,6-TCP was less than those obtained by use of the USEPA recommend final chronic value (FCV) method (0.097 mg L⁻¹) and the one obtained by use of the USEPA recommend acute-to-chronic (ACR) methods (0.073 mg L⁻¹). PNECs derived using AF methods were more protective and conservative than that derived using SSD methods.     

上海市城区径流污染及控制对策

随着城市点源污染控制程度的提高,雨水径流引起的面源污染日益突出.非渗透性地表径流污染成为城市水体污染的主要来源.对上海市城区非渗透性地表径流进行了为期3年的采样调查,监测了COD、BOD5、SS、NH3-N、TP和TN等污染物指标,并估算了单位面积径流年污染负荷.结合上海市实际情况,提出了城区径流污染控制的综合策略.     

西北地区不同等级沙尘暴的空间变化与防治

通过资料分析,揭示了西北地区不同等级沙尘暴的分布范围与物质组成的空间变化及发生动力。研究表明,西北特强沙尘暴活动范围从荒漠源区一直到东南沿海及港澳地区,强沙尘暴活动范围包括荒漠源区到我国东部的河南郑州、开封、许昌以及山东菏泽等地,中等沙尘暴分布在荒漠源区到甘肃兰州等地,弱沙尘暴分布范围小,以点状分布为主;不同等级沙尘暴的物质浓度和组成不同;产生不同等级沙尘暴的动力不同;给黄土高原带来大量粉尘物质和造成严重灾害的主要是强和特强沙尘暴;对西北地区不同等级沙尘暴灾害的防治应采取分级防治和分区防治相结合的措施。     

Enhancing sensitivity of microbial fuel cell sensors for low concentration biodegradable organic matter detection: Regulation of substrate concentration, anode area and external resistance

The relatively low sensitivity is an important reason for restricting the microbial fuel cell (MFC) sensors’ application in low concentration biodegradable organic matter (BOM) detection. The startup parameters, including substrate concentration, anode area and external resistance, were regulated to enhance the sensitivity of MFC sensors. The results demonstrated that both the substrate concentration and anode area were positively correlated with the sensitivity of MFC sensors, and an external resistance of 210 Ω was found to be optimal in terms of sensitivity of MFC sensors. Optimized MFC sensors had lower detection limit (1 mg/L) and higher sensitivity (Slope value of the linear regression curve was 1.02), which effectively overcome the limitation of low concentration BOM detection. The essential reason is that optimized MFC sensors had higher coulombic efficiency, which was beneficial to improve the sensitivity of MFC sensors. The main impact of the substrate concentration and anode area was to regulate the proportion between electrogens and nonelectrogens, biomass and living cells of the anode biofilm. The external resistance mainly affected the morphology structure and the proportion of living cells of the anode. This study demonstrated an effective way to improve the sensitivity of MFC sensors for low concentration BOM detection.     

The evaluation of potential purification of a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland treating greywater in semi-arid environment

The potential purification of an horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSFCW) treating greywater in a Moroccan primary school was investigated according to the monitoring of water quality parameters over a period of 100 days through two simultaneous stages: first, an internal three dimensional grid of sampling ports; secondly, an entry and exit. The calibration of the relaxed TIS concentration model based on tank in series hydraulic assumption with experimental data gave the frequency distribution profiles of K-rate constant values for the three parameters: BOD₅, COD and TN, whose maximum values are respectively 50 m/yr, 70 m/yr, and 42 m/yr. The HSSFCW system has higher K-rate coefficient for all the three parameters at the bottom layer compared with the surface layer, with increasing K-rates over length. The analysis of bacteriological and chemical results has shown that the HSSFCW could not completely remove all pollutants (especially TN and TP), but it could be used successfully to upgrade the quality of greywater to an acceptable level. However, we predict that there will be an increase in removal efficiencies with time bearing in mind that the system is newly implemented.     

降水中离子浓度与pH值的确定性相关关系研究

关于降水中离子浓度与pH值关系问题的研究多是基于降水化学数据的统计分析。从酸碱平衡理论出发 ,在电中性方程的基础上 ,建立了降水中离子浓度与pH值的确定性相关关系式。结果表明 ,该式具有普适性 ,是反映多种离子综合作用的重要参数。用公式对 50组降水化学数据做了计算分析 ,结果表明 ,降水离子浓度与 pH值的关系研究应考虑足够多的离子种类 ,降水化学数据也应满足 :( 1 )离子平衡值等于或接近 1 .0 ;( 2 )ΔC的正负号与 pH值范围的关系协调一致。可作为降水化学数据是否准确、合理的判据     

Liquid-phase catalytic oxidation of smelting-gases containing SO2 in low concentration

In order to approach an applicable method of purifying smelting-gases containing SO₂ in low concentration, the catalytic oxidation of SO₂ in low concentration in smelting-gas, using Mn⁺², Fe⁺² and Zn⁺² in liquid-phase, was performed separately in a foam absorbing column in a copper smelter. The absorption solution, containing metal ions in an optimal proportion according to an orthogonal test, demonstrates an improved purification capability for smelting-gas. When the concentration of H₂SO₄ in the solution rises to 20%, the removal efficiency of SO₂ in smelting-gas can be still maintained above 85%. The method is demonstrably effective for the waste gas treatment at small and mid-scale smelters of non-ferrous metals.     

珠穆朗玛峰地区近200年冰芯草酸根记录及其环境意义

 1997年5月中美联合珠峰地区绒布冰川考察期间，在远东绒布冰川海拔6500m北支冰流粒雪盆内钻取到一支41m长冰芯.该冰芯定年至1814年．远东绒布冰芯中近200年来草酸根浓度变化与Ca²⁺和NH₄浓度变化一致性较差，表明草酸根的来源有别于大气尘埃和生物来源．草酸根浓度与冰芯中气温指标δ¹⁸O的变化具有一致性,说明气温是影响大气中草酸根浓度变化的因素之一，但非主导因素.远东绒布冰芯记录的20世纪以来草酸根浓度的迅速升高反映了人类工业活动对大气环境的污染．20世纪50～80年代，大气中受人类工业活动污染的草酸根浓度约为19世纪自然本底值的3倍，其中60年代人类活动排放的草酸盐类对大气的污染最为严重.     

化学物质结构信息系统的建立及图形输出子系统

本文介绍化合物毒性数据库的结构子库和图形输出子系统。数据库是以美国EPA结构信息源(SANSS)并自编软件系统而建成。该系统存有23万种化合物的结构信息,可用CAS登记号,分子式及其别名和基本名对结构库进行检索,并配有包括六元环和六元环以下的结构图形输出。建库与检索软件用COBOL语言实现,图形输出软件用PASCAL语言实现。通过计算最小环的方法,以环为核心逐步生成图形。     

关于导则中最大落地浓度及其距离计算模式的探讨

基于大量的环境影响评价工作实践，针对现行的《环境影响评价技术导则》（HJ/T2.2-93）中的有风条件预测模式，提出了在环境空气影响评价中，《导则》所给出的“有风条件下最大浓度及其出现距离（Cmax和Xmax）计算模式“中所存在的问题，并提出了相应的解决方案。本文的研究结果为完善《导则》并且使之能够更加准确地指导环评工作提出了有益的建议。