洛坝铅锌矿废弃不同时间渣地植被恢复演替动态

对甘肃省徽县洛坝铅锌矿不同废弃时间的废渣地进行的化学分析表明,其主要污染物为重金属Pb和Zn,其w(Pb)和w(Zn)最大值分别为6 298和480 800 mg/kg. 重金属在废渣地中的质量分数随废弃时间的增长而减少;对废渣地恢复植被演替调查发现,Pb和Zn是影响植物自然演替的限制因子. 在现场考察的基础上对洛坝废渣地进行了植被恢复演替调查. 结果表明:从废弃时间序列上看,废渣地植物种类在增加、荒漠化在逆转,3,6和11 a的废渣地植物数分别为12,17和40种;从废渣地植被恢复演替序列上看,各时期植物都在更替,3 a废渣地以野艾蒿(Artemisia vulgaris)+升马塘(Digitaria sanguinalis)+车前草(Plantago asiatica)群落为主;6 a废渣地以野艾蒿+针叶蒿(Tripolium vulgare)+商陆(Phytolacca acinosa)+小蓬草(Erigeron annuu)群落为主;11 a废渣地又增加有固氮植物三叶草(Trifolium pratense)、苜蓿(Medicago lupulina)及紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica)、臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)的成功定居,已形成草-灌-乔简单植被结构.      

黄河流域植被生态用水过程动态模拟

以黄河流域为例,通过集成RS/GIS 技术,利用生态水文评估工具中模块化生态水文综合管理系统（EcoHAT）对研究区植被生态用水过程进行定量模拟,模拟出该流域20 世纪50年代以来像元尺度上植被生态用水量,得到研究区植被生态用水时空结构差异。结果表明：在年际变化上,20 世纪60 年代和80 年代偏多,而70 年代和90 年代偏少,2000 年生长季植被生态用水量为263.5 mm;年内变化整体与降水变化趋势相一致,最大值集中在6-8 月;从植被类型看,最小是草地,其次为灌丛,最大为林地;从水资源分区上看,最小的是兰河干流区间,伊洛河流域最大。其中,兰河干流区间、河龙干流区间、内流区、湟水流域、龙兰干流区间、龙羊峡以上及洮河流域普遍小于400 mm,汾河流域、黄河下游、泾河流域、北洛河流域、沁河流域、渭河流域、龙三干流区间、三花干流区间及伊洛河流域普遍大于400 mm。     

半干旱区人工封育草场植被群落生态位研究——以宁夏盐池县长期定位监测点为例

人工封育是草场恢复和重建的一种主要措施。为研究半干旱区人工封育草地植物种群生态位,以宁夏盐池县人工封育区3种不同处理方式（长期完全封育、短期完全封育、短期不完全封育）为研究对象,将封育区分为封育核心区（E区）、封育边缘区（E1区）和封育外围区（E2区）,通过分析在该地区出现的27种植物种群的Levins生态位宽度指数和Pianka生态位重叠指数,揭示植物种群生态位在干旱荒漠环境下的变化规律,为进一步分析该地区群落稳定性提供依据。研究结果表明：1）核心区和外围区生态位宽度最大的都是刺沙蓬Salsola ruthenica lljin,分别为0.832和0.810,而边缘区生态位宽度最大的是丝叶山苦荬Lxeris chinensis var.graminifolia,为0.742,这2种植物的生物学特性决定了它们能够很好的适应封育区的环境,并很好的利用封育区的资源,结果是它们的生态位宽度明显高于其他物种。2）对三区内不同植物种群的生态位宽度分析结果显示,三区的群落稳定性表现为E1区〉E2区〉E区;长期的完全封育并不利于封育区内植物群落的稳定;而短期的完全封育措施比不完全封育措施更有利于植被群落的稳定。3）通过分析三区内不同植物种之间的生态位重叠得出,E区生态位重叠最大值出现在草地风毛菊Saussurea amara、苦豆子Sophora alopecuroides L、沙芦草Agropyron mongolicum Keng与臭蒿Artemisia hedinii之间,都是0.98。E1区生态位重叠最大值是达乌里胡枝子Lespedeza davurica和草木樨状黄芪Astragalus melilotoides之间（0.82）。E2区生态位重叠最大的一对是草木樨状黄芪和冰草Agropyron cristatum（0.99）。相关分析表明：生态位宽度与生态位重叠之间并没有明确的线性关系。生态位宽度窄的物种之间可能有较高的生态位重叠,反之,则较低,但并不是完全如此。     

闽江口沼泽植被地上鲜生物量与植株密度高光谱遥感估算

湿地植被地上生物量与湿地生态系统生产力、碳循环和养分循环等密切相关,是当前研究中的主要关注点之一。利用ASDFieldSpec2500 便携式地物波谱仪测定闽江口鳝鱼滩芦苇（Phragmites australis）和短叶茳芏（Cyperus malaccensis Lam. var. brevifolius Bocklr.）冠层反射光谱,同时测定其地上鲜生物量和植株密度,分析地上鲜生物量与冠层反射光谱及一阶微分光谱的相关关系,确定敏感波段,进而改进植被指数;利用回归分析法,基于各个植被指数,构建地上鲜生物量和植株密度的估算模型。结果表明,芦苇和短叶茳芏地上鲜生物量与冠层反射光谱在蓝光、红光及近红外波段相关性较高;与一阶微分光谱在蓝边、红边相关性较好;芦苇地上鲜生物量与冠层光谱和一阶微分光谱的相关系数均优于短叶茳芏。芦苇和短叶茳芏地上鲜生物量估算模型R2分别在0.408 5~0.765 和0.101 9~0.315 3 之间,估算精度相对于其他参数较高的参数主要有BNDVI、NDCI和MGBNDVI,最佳估算参数均为BNDVI;植株密度估算模型R2分别在0.093 0~0.718 和0.138 9~0.233 7 之间,估算精度相对于其他参数较高的参数主要有GBNDVI、BNDVI、MGBNDVI、NDCI 及SR, 最佳估算参数分别为GBNDVI和NDCI。一定程度上来说,利用高光谱数据估算河口芦苇和短叶茳芏地上鲜生物量和植株密度是可行的。     

植被在大气汞收支中作用的研究进展与展望

在汞的生物地球化学循环中,对于"源"和"汇"的认识还存在许多不确定性。大气汞收支不平衡的问题使得植被在汞循环中的作用日益凸现;开展植被在大气汞收支中作用的研究有助于为全球汞减排政策的制定提供参考。本文首先概述了植被中汞的来源和影响因素及其与大气汞的源汇关系;进而重点论述了植被参与大气汞收支的主要方式:凋落物沉降、生物质燃烧和植被表面与大气汞的动态交换,并阐述了植被在大气汞污染监测中的应用;最后在总结我国相关研究的基础上展望了未来的发展方向。     

Observations on metal trends in soil and vegetation samples collected in the vicinity of a hazardous waste incinerator under construction (1996–1998)

The temporal variation in metal concentrations in soil and vegetation samples collected in an area of Catalonia (Spain), which will be under the potential influence of a new hazardous waste incinerator was determined. In 1996 and again in 1998, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl and V were measured in 40 soil and 40 herbage samples collected at 250–4000 m from the facility at the same sampling points. Data of both surveys and the percentages of variation are here presented for all metals. Results are shown according to the main wind directions in the area, as well as distances from the new facility. During the period 1996–1998, a general decrease was noted for most metals. Only the levels of Hg were significantly increased during this period. The present results will be useful for future surveys aimed to evaluate the environmental impact of metals derived from emissions of the new plant.     

Effects of drainage water on plant diversity and distribution of agricultural drainage ditch beds in an arid irrigated area of Northwestern China

Agricultural drainage ditches are essential to sustaining food production in arid irrigation regions, with various sizes and drainage characteristics as important buffer ecotones in agricultural areas. Bed vegetation and water properties were investigated in 39 agricultural drainage ditches in the Lingwu District of Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation Area in Northwestern China. The results showed that water depth, width, and velocity generally increased with larger ditch size. Water salinity was higher in drainage ditches (>1?g/L) than in croplands, canals, and the Yellow River. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus were at high levels: ～1.6 and ～0.1?mg/L, respectively. Forty plant species belonging to 19 families and 31 genera were identified, with higher plant richness and diversity found in smaller sized drainage ditches. Macrophytes dominated the bed vegetation with a mean vegetative coverage of >30% in all-sized ditches, and Phragmites australis occurred with the most frequency. Water depth and salinity were considered as the primary factors affecting the distribution of vegetation in drainage ditch beds. The study suggests that practical conservation of smaller sized drainage ditches is conducive to increasing the plant diversity of agricultural landscapes.     

Estimation and validation of biomass of a mountainous agroecosystem by means of sampling,spectral data and QuickBird satellite image

Biomass estimation in agroecosystems (AESs) is important to understand their role in carbon exchange for a sustainable environment. We used field spectra and sampled biomass of an AES including cultivated and abandoned croplands to develop a simple biomass estimation model. The digital number (DN) of a QuickBird (QB) satellite image was converted to a reflectance factor using the dark object subtraction method and the spectral reflectance of asphalt. The relationship between the reflectance factor of field-based spectra and the QB image obtained in early July 2007 was insignificant in the blue (R ² = 0.15) and green (R ² = 0.18) bands but was significant (p < 0.05) in the red (R ² = 0.57) and near-infrared (NIR, R ² = 0.45) bands in the AES. Better correlations were obtained between field-based and QB-based vegetation indices (VIs). The best correlations were obtained with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (R ² = 0.97, p < 0.001) and the ratio vegetation index (RVI) (R ² = 0.99, p < 0.001). Biomass was significantly correlated with both field-based NDVI and RVI (R ² = 0.79 and 0.72, respectively, p < 0.001). Although RVI saturated at higher biomass densities (>600 g m^?2), NDVI showed a linear relationship. Other field-based VIs showed poorer correlations with biomass. The model was evaluated by incorporating it into high-resolution QB images to obtain the observed biomass. The relationship between field-estimated and QB-observed biomass appeared to be a one-to-one linear relationship (R ² = 0.79). Thus, models using field spectra and sampled biomass can be applied to QB images for remote estimation of biomass in an AES.     

基于ASD和FISS的植被叶片氮素含量反演研究

地面成像光谱系统能够在更为微观的尺度上满足多元化应用需求,实现对植物群体、单个植株的快速精细探测,获取精细的植被生理参量的空间信息,从而弥补大尺度远距离遥感难以发挥作用的领域。本文采用ASD地物光谱仪和新型地面成像光谱系统FISS,以大豆叶片为研究对象,获取大豆叶片ASD光谱及FISS成像光谱数据,探讨大豆植株叶片的图像特征、反射率光谱、导数光谱、光谱指数等光谱特征变量与叶片氮素含量的相关性,建立植株叶片氮素含量的估算模型。研究结果表明：FISS地面成像光谱仪和ASD地面非成像光谱仪对氮素具有敏感指示的波段区间一致,480~520 nm和680~720 nm区间的波段范围与氮素含量具有较高的相关性;导数光谱特征所得精度要比原始光谱特征所得精度高,说明导数光谱对氮素含量的指示更为敏感,可以更加有效地提取氮素含量信息;反演模型对氮素含量反演精度的影响低于光谱特征对精度的影响。研究表明FISS数据由于其独特的测量方式和图谱合一的特点,可以更加准确地用于植被氮素含量的反演,实现植被叶片氮素含量的快速实时无损监测及图像可视化表达。     

宁夏盐池四儿滩湿地-干草原植被群落稳定性研究

以宁夏盐池县四儿滩湿地-干草原为研究对象,根据四儿滩湿地植被特征,将其由湿地中心向外依次划分为湿生带、交错带、旱生带。通过2012年7—9月份的野外调查,利用改进的M.Godron稳定性测定方法,研究其植被群落的稳定性。结果表明：（1）3条样地带的植被群落稳定性交点坐标分别为(18.39,81.61)、(24.75,75.25)、(22.85,77.15),即湿生带植被群落稳定性最高(欧氏平方距离为5.1802),旱生带次之（欧氏平方距离为16.2677）,可见水分对植被群落稳定性有着正相关作用;而由于交错带位于湿生带和旱生带之间,同时湿地面积不断缩减,因而交错带处于不断演替的阶段,其植被群落稳定性最低。（2）3条样带的植被种类数量表现为,交错带数量最多（23种）,旱生带次之（21种）,湿生带的种类最少（12种）,主要与旱生带土壤含水量低,湿生带土壤盐碱化严重的现象密切相关,而交错带由于处于旱生带和湿生带之间,同时具备了土壤含水量适中,土壤盐碱化较弱的优点,故植被种类最多。整体上,四儿滩湿地植被群落趋于稳定,且植被种类较多。这与近年来盐池县实施的草场封育措施密切相关,大大降低了放牧对湿地植被的破坏,利于植被生长和恢复。此外,今年雨水较往年多,很大程度地提高了干旱半干旱区植被的覆盖率和多样性,提高其稳定性。