植被对厂房自然通风影响的数值模拟研究

通过对动量方程、能量方程等加源项的方法实现了对三维植物冠层湍流流动下厂房自然通风的数值模拟。计算结果和实测数据在下垫面温度以及叶面温度方面吻合较好,能充分反映实际的温度分布趋势。表明模拟体系对于有绿化情况下建筑自然通风各项参数的描述是准确的,可较好地预测不同植被配置下,建筑自然通风温度、速度等物理量的分布情况。同时,利用有效吹风温度差的分布分析了厂房内人员的热感觉情况。     

黄土露天矿区排土场重构土壤典型物理性质空间差异分析

土壤典型物理性质决定了土壤的肥力状况,同时也影响植物群落的生长。目前矿区复垦方面的研究大多为研究土壤物理性质的空间差异或是植被盖度对表层土壤物理性质的影响,很少有针对不同植被覆盖类型对重构土壤物理性质的影响的研究。运用描述性统计分析法、单因素方差分析法等方法研究平朔矿区重构土壤典型物理性质在水平及垂向方向的差异,并依照研究区植被生长状况进行分组,研究不同植被覆盖类型下的土壤物理性质差异。该研究旨在得到土壤性质及植被间的影响机理,对未来复垦工作的土壤重构及植被重建的提供指导。结果表明,(1)土壤典型物理性质在垂向上均属于弱变异,随着深度增加,复垦效果减弱。土壤容重及孔隙度存在层间显著差异,土壤容重随着土壤深度增加增大,土壤孔隙度随着土壤深度增加减小。(2)研究区重构土壤典型物理性质在水平方向均属于中等变异,随着深度减小,各性质的差异减小。(3)不同植被覆盖类型下的土壤容重和孔隙度在0-10 cm及20-60 cm深度存在显著差异,但在各土壤粒级含量上无显著差异。研究区分布最多的土质类型是壤土。乔木植被生长有助于土壤粒级的减小,草本植被对浅层土壤物理性质改良效果优于深层土壤。未来在进行植被重建工程时应适当根据实地土壤质地情况选择适宜植被。     

基于modis数据鲁甸6.5级地震不同烈度区地震前后植被变化研究

为了研究鲁甸6.5级地震不同烈度区地震前后植被的变化,以鲁甸地震完整烈度为研究区,以MODIS产品中的MOD13Q1数据为数据源,通过数据预处理获得2004-2018年不同烈度区年均NDVI时间序列,并用像元二分模型计算得到地震前后的植被覆盖度,从NDVI动态变化、植被覆盖度空间分布特征、植被覆盖度动态变化、植被损毁像...     

1987～2015年嘉陵江源区植被覆盖度时空变化特征

江河源头地区植被建设与生态保护意义重大。应用遥感技术分析植被覆盖状况近年来已渐成热点。本文以嘉陵江源头所在地陕西省宝鸡市凤县为研究区,基于1987年、2000年和2015年3期Landsat卫星遥感影像,提取归一化植被指数NDVI（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index）,采用像元二分模型,运用ENVI 5.3和ArcGIS10.4软件计算得到研究区植被覆盖度分布格局及动态变化。结果表明：（1）1987~2015年期间研究区植被以高覆盖区为主,高覆盖区面积增加了5.96%,呈上升趋势;（2）研究区植被退化面积占3.91%,基本不变的面积占85.36%,改善面积占10.73%,研究区植被改善面积多于退化面积,与退耕还林还草工程关系密切;（3）植被覆盖度随坡度和高程的增大呈先增加后降低的趋势;阴坡的植被覆盖度低于阳坡,但高于平地,坡向对植被覆盖的影响主要体现在温度上;（4）矿产资源开发对植被破坏的影响大于风力发电场建设,建议当地政府加强矿山生态环境修复力度。研究结果可服务于嘉陵江源区生态保护与流域管理。     

Upper Yellow River air concentrations of organochlorine pesticides estimated from tree bark, and their relationship with socioeconomic indices

Organochlorine pesticide(OCP) concentrations in tree bark from the upper Yellow River region were determined. Total OCP concentrations ranged from 2.7 to 82 ng/g dw, with a mean of 20 ng/g dw. Concentrations of total(Σ) DDTs(0.49–37 ng/g dw), HCHs(0.55–4.5 ng/g dw), and HCB(0.1–1.0 ng/g dw) were much higher than the other OCPs and accounted for 89% of the ΣOCP concentrations. p,p′-DDT was the dominant member of the DDT pesticide group and-HCH was the dominant HCH isomer. The p,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDE and-HCH/-HCH ratios suggested that there were recent DDT and-HCH releases. OCP concentrations in the air were estimated from the tree bark, and the estimated median ΣDDTs, ΣHCHs, and HCB concentrations in the air were 0.09, 0.14, and 0.024 pg/m3, respectively. The relationship between total OCP concentrations and socioeconomic and natural environment indices were assessed using multiple linear regression analysis, and a regression equation including all these factors was obtained. Population density and tertiary industry were the two dominant factors that appeared to affect OCP concentrations in the upper Yellow River region.     

植被对风沙土风蚀作用的影响

以植物模型、风沙土为实验材料，以风洞模拟实验为研究手段得出初步结论：地表粗糙度为植被特征参数的函数，随植被盖度的增加呈幂函数增加；随植被作用区面积蛎呈线性增加；与行状植物的排列方向和主风向夹角的平方根成正比。在盖度相同的条件下，均匀分布较丛状分布可产生较大的粗糙度。风蚀率随植被盖度的减少呈指数增加。植被盖度对风沙土风蚀作用的影响可划分为３种程度类型：大于６０％为轻度风蚀和无风蚀。６０％￣２０％为中     

鄂尔多斯高原沙地草地荒漠化景观现状的定量分析

基于相互垂直的2条5km长的样线的野外调查,分析了鄂尔多斯高原东南部地区沙地草地的景观现状.对2条样线上的斑块出现的频度的统计分析表明,该地区景观以小尺度斑块为主,有95%以上的斑块直径小于50m,平均斑块直径只有15m,但仍有较大面积的流沙斑块存在.对沿样线的裸地百分比盖度的半方差分析揭示了该区域荒漠化景观依赖于空间尺度的环境异质性,所调查的沿样线裸地百分比盖度的分维,接近于2,说明其空间异质性主要集中在较小的尺度上.这说明该区景观较为稳定,但沙化面积有扩大的趋势.     

小尺度水平上植被格局对城市绿地土壤污染物累积的影响

小尺度水平上土壤污染物累积特征不仅与人们的生活直接相关,与社区环境管理和园林规划也有密切联系。选择北京市五环内具有不同植被格局(围绕式、行列式、混合式和群点式)的典型居民区为研究对象,通过小区内绿地的多点布点,调查分析表层土壤中的7种重金属元素(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Mn)和16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度;探究小尺度水平上,植被格局对绿地土壤重金属及多环芳烃累积的影响。结果表明：Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb为主要的重金属污染物;居民区土壤中,16种多环芳烃总量(Σ₁₆PAHs)的浓度为88.1~2 844 μg·kg⁻¹,其主要来源于煤炭燃烧而非石油及其产物燃烧;行列式植被格局的绿地土壤中,主要重金属和PAHs污染物的浓度分布较为分散,高浓度污染物也往往出现在该类植被格局的土壤中;而群点式植被格局土壤中,主要重金属污染物以及本地指示性多环芳烃Ant、BaA和BaP的浓度中位值都较其他3种植被格局低。对行列式植被格局的小区进行土壤质量调查时,需要采集较多的样品数量才能获得代表性污染物浓度;同时,行列式植被格局有利于对污染物的截获,使绿地土壤起到吸纳污染物的作用,而群点式植被格局的绿地土壤环境质量较好,但是不利于发挥吸纳污染物的生态功能。     

Ecological Effectiveness of Agri-Environment Schemes in Different Agricultural Landscapes in The Netherlands

Abstract:  Agri-environment schemes are an instrument used by western European countries to counteract the negative effects of contemporary agriculture on biodiversity, but not much is known about their effectiveness. We investigated the ecological effects of Dutch agri-environment schemes aimed at promoting botanical diversity or meadow birds, and we tested whether the effectiveness of the schemes depends on landscape type or structure. In three different types of landscape, we surveyed plants, birds, bees, and hover flies on 78 paired fields that either had agri-environment schemes or were managed conventionally, and we collected data on a range of different environmental variables. Neither plant species richness nor abundance of meadow birds was higher on fields with agri-environment schemes. Landscape type had a significant effect on both species groups, but the effects of the schemes were independent of landscape type. Neither the diversity of plants nor the abundance of birds was related to any of the environmental variables. Agri-environment schemes designed to promote plant species richness or bird abundance did have positive side-effects because they enhanced the species richness of bees and hover flies, irrespective of the type of landscape. Furthermore, landscape type, groundwater level (hover flies), and area of wooded edges (bees) significantly affected both species groups. The failure of the schemes to promote the target species may be related to the high intensity of land use in The Netherlands. Simple conservation measures taken by farmers may not be sufficient to counteract the impact of factors that are often controlled at the landscape level (e.g., hydrology). Similar studies in other countries are needed to place the results of our study into a European context.