Unified methodology for site-characterization and sampling of highway runoff

Hydrology, roadway traffic conditions, and atmospheric deposition are three essential data categories for the planning and implementation of highway-runoff monitoring and characterization programs. Causal variables pertaining to each data category could be site specific but have been shown to correlate with runoff pollutant loads. These data categories were combined to derive statistical relationships for characterization and prioritization of the respective pollutant loads at highway runoff sites. Storm runoff data of total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP) collected from three highway sites in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, were used to illustrate the development of site-specific highway-runoff pollutant loading models. This unified methodology provides a basis for initial assessment of the pollutant-constituent loads from highway runoff using hydrologic component variables. Improved reliability is achievable when additional traffic and/or atmospheric component variables are incorporated into the basic hydrologic regression model. In addition, operational guidance is suggested for implementing highway-runoff monitoring programs that are subject to sampling and resources constraints.     

液相催化氧化法脱除燃煤烟气中多污染物研究进展

针对燃煤烟气中SO₂、NO_x和重金属Hg等污染物,可将多个单一污染物控制系统串联进行脱除,但存在系统庞杂、运行成本高等问题,因此开发经济高效的一体化脱除技术十分必要。液相催化氧化法能够在液相中对多污染物进行联合脱除。根据使用氧化剂的不同,对不同的液相催化氧化法进行了详细论述,包括H₂O₂氧化法、次氯酸盐及亚氯酸盐氧化法、过二硫酸盐和过一硫酸氢盐氧化法等,总结了各种方法的优缺点,并对未来的研究方向提出了建议。     

6种农业废弃物初期碳源及溶解性有机物释放机制

针对农业废弃物作为反硝化碳源初期有机物释放过多,N、P和色度物质释放以及溶解性有机物成分、释放机制及潜在影响不清楚等问题,选取水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、玉米芯、大豆秸秆和大豆壳作为反硝化碳源,研究其碳源、二次污染物及溶解性有机物的释放情况,并分析其可能产生的影响.结果表明,6种材料均可作为反硝化碳源,小麦秸秆中C元素含量最高,而玉米芯释放二次污染的风险最低;6种材料在1~120 h的碳源释放过程符合二级反应动力学和Ritger-Peppas方程,二级反应动力学拟合结果表明玉米芯因具有适中的c_m值和较大的t_1/2值更适合作为反硝化碳源,Ritger-Peppas方程拟合结果表明释放机制为扩散过程;水稻秸秆浸出液中NH₄⁺-N、TN和TP浓度显著高于其他5种材料,小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆在浸泡过程中释放色度严重,玉米芯释放的N、P和色度物质均最少;玉米芯和大豆秸秆浸出液的可生化性好,造成出水二次污染的风险较低;浸出液中DOM芳香性和分子量随时间逐渐增大,腐殖化程度较低;利用平行因子法分析出5种荧光组分,主要为以类酪氨酸和类色氨酸为主的类蛋白物质,类胡敏酸为主的类腐殖酸含量较少,对后续水处理过程可能存在不利影响.本研究结果能为农业废弃物作为反硝化碳源时对初期阶段的出水水质影响及风险评估提供理论支撑.     

潮河流域降雨径流事件污染物输出特征

在半干旱半湿润地区,非点源养分污染的发生主要由降水径流事件驱动,伴随这些短暂脉冲事件流失的养分量决定着一年总的污染排放负荷,因此研究汛期降雨径流事件下水体污染动态特征是半干旱半湿润地区污染负荷模拟及控制的关键.以北京市密云水库上游的潮河流域为研究区域,2018年和2019年汛期进行古北口站和下会站的降雨径流过程水质水量同步监测.结果表明：①监测的3场降雨事件（E1、E2和E3）中,E1的降雨量和强度最大,相应的流量和污染物浓度最高;②不同降雨事件下,污染物浓度及其变化不同.大暴雨事件和暴雨事件（E1、E3）下,总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、硝氮（NO₃^--N）、总磷（TP）和悬浮物（TSS）的浓度与流量变化过程相似;大雨事件下（E2）,总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、总磷（TP）和悬浮物（TSS）的浓度与流量变化过程相似,硝氮（NO₃^--N）浓度变化与流量相反;③不同降雨事件下,不同形态污染物浓度及其变化不同.降雨侵蚀强烈（E1、E2）,颗粒态污染物浓度变化明显,与悬浮物（TSS）呈显著正相关关系;降雨未引起土壤侵蚀（E3）,氮磷形态以溶解态氮（TDN）和溶解态磷（TDP）为主,浓度变化主要与流量有关;④不同降雨事件下,不同站点的流量和污染物浓度不同.强降雨侵蚀事件在古北口表现更明显,引起流量和总磷（TP）、悬浮物（TSS）的变化幅度更大.以上结果可以用来确定降雨事件引发的非点源污染物输出特征,为该地区的汛期水质预测与控制提供参考.     

磁性高交联纳米吸附树脂的合成及其对酚类的吸附

采用油酸双层包覆Fe₃O₄纳米粒子,然后进行共聚和交联反应,制备出耐酸性的磁性高交联纳米吸附树脂YQ-3.YQ-3树脂的比表面积为653.5 m²·g^-1,平均孔径为4.12 nm,磁化强度为1.72 emμ·g^-1,具有超顺磁性.苯酚（PN）、对苯二酚（HN）、对硝基苯酚（PNP）在YQ-3上的吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程,主要通过疏水和 π-π作用进行吸附.3种酚的饱和吸附量顺序为PNP>PN>HN,与其疏水性顺序一致.准一级动力学和颗粒内模型适合拟合YQ-3对酚的吸附,由于YQ-3磁性树脂具有较小的粒径和丰富的中-大孔隙,其动力学速率比传统超高交联树脂更快.     

Ecological risk assessment from the viewpoint of surface water pollution in Xiamen City,China

The ecological security of urban surface water is subject to significant risk due to rapid urbanization. Pollutant discharge and accumulation are among the most critical stressors endangering urban surface water and affecting the normal operation of urban aquatic ecosystem services. In this study, we assessed how pollutant accumulation stresses water purification systems, which perform important urban ecosystem services. First, we applied a water environmental capacity model to calculate thresholds of urban surface water environmental capacity under a given water quality target. Second, based on a stepwise regression method, an equation was used to describe the relationship between stressor factors (pollutant accumulation) and measurable socioeconomic indicators. Third, an ecological risk index was used as an assessment endpoint indicator to assess the negative ecological effect of pollutant accumulation. Finally, risk level was classified according to the risk quotient method. Taking Xiamen City as an example, we analyzed the contribution of different sources of pollutants and evaluated the urban ecological risk posed by two major contaminants present in the environment by measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N). The results show that the ecological risk indexes of both COD and NH₄⁺-N are expected to decrease from 2020 to 2030; that of COD is expected to fall from medium to low, whereas that of NH₄⁺-N is expected to fall from high to medium. These findings demonstrate that the ecological risk posed to the surface water in Xiamen City can be reduced by controlling population growth, optimizing industrial structure, and promoting economic development.     

Environmental monitoring and fuzzy synthetic evaluation of municipal solid waste transfer stations in Beijing in 2001 - 2006

Transfer station(TS)is an integral part of present-day municipal solid waste(MSW)management systems.To provide information for the incorporation of waste facilities within the current integrated waste management system,the authors measured the existing environmental quality at five MSW TSs.Discharged wastewater,air,and noise were monitored and assayed at the five TSs in Beijing in 2001-2006 during rainy seasons(RSs)and dry seasons(DSs).Except Ammonia(NH_3)and hydrogen sulfide(H_2S),the analytical results...     

天津市大气主要污染物总量控制允许排放量实施方案

本文采用环境质量总量控制技术路线。在天津市建立了１８个总量控制区,利用箱扩散模型（Ａ值法）测算了各总控区二氧化硫的允许排放量。利用Ｐ值法将区域允排量分配到源。本文还将化学质量受体平衡（ＣＭＢ）模型纳入Ａ－Ｐ值模型,形成ＡＰ－ＣＭＢ模型,用以测算烟尘和工业粉尘的区域允排量将将分配到源。由此构成天津市大气主要污染物总量控制允排量实施方案。     

基于公平性的水污染物总量分配评估方法研究

借鉴评价收入公平性的指标--基尼系数的基本概念,构建流域间水污染物总量分配方案合理性的评估方法.以全国七大流域的水污染物总量分配过程为例,使用基尼系数法分析了人口、国内生产总值、水资源量、环境容量等指标对分配的影响,绘制各影响因素的洛伦茨曲线;根据洛伦茨曲线对分配方案的合理性进行评估;按照合理的基尼系数范围确定各流域排污量的削减方案.结果表明:基于水资源量的洛伦茨曲线正确反映了我国水污染形势严峻的流域,为污染物总量削减方案提供了依据.      

海河流域几种典型有机污染物环境安全性评价

着重对海河流域几种典型优先控制有机污染物的环境安全性进行了分析.在海河流域有3种污染物已经具备环境风险,分别是五氯苯酚、对壬基苯酚和硝基苯.其中五氯苯酚的污染问题尤应引起足够重视,因为五氯苯酚的环境实测浓度已经超过无影响浓度的8.04倍.在此基础上提出了相应的防治建议.