油罐清洗技术综述

油罐清洗自动化和系统化是石油储运行业发展的必然结果，油罐清洗技术经历了从人工清洗、机械清洗最后到自动清洗的渐进式的发展历程。介绍了油罐清洗技术的进化过程。并重点描述了当今世界上最为成熟的两大自动清洗系统。以及我国在这一领域的进展情况。     

Investigating new risk reduction and mitigation in the oil and gas industry

The complexity of the processes and the nature of volatile petroleum products urged the oil and gas industry to utilize various risk assessment techniques to identify potential failure modes that can interrupt operation processes. Consequently, government agencies and nonprofit professional societies guide the industry with regulatory guidelines, standards, and best recommended practices to oversee the operations management, assure safe working environment, and contain failures within tolerable limits. Yet, accidents due to electro-mechanical failures still occur and result in various consequences. Accordingly, critics have raised concerns about the petroleum industry's safety and risk mitigation credentials and question its ability to prevent future major accidents. Therefore, new risk assessment tools need to be introduced to provide decision makers and novice engineers with a diverse perception of potential risks. The aim of this paper is verify the application of Risk in Early Design (RED), a product risk assessment tool, in identifying potential failures in the oil and gas industry. Approximately thirty major accident underwent the RED analysis to verify the software's application to identify and rank potential failure modes.     

铁盐改性砂制备及其吸附Zn~(2+)的性能研究

通过改变石英砂表面的物理化学性质,提高石英砂的吸附效率,考察其对废水中的Zn~(2+)去除效果.以石英砂为载体,分别用反复高温加热法和反复碱性沉积法制备了三氯化铁改性砂、硝酸铁改性砂,测定2种方法制备的铁盐改性砂的表面含铁量、铁盐的酸稳定性及比表面积,并比较2种铁盐改性砂对Zn~(2+)的吸附效果.结果表明,三氯化铁改性砂、硝酸铁改性砂的比表面积分别为2.468、4.247 m~2/g,比石英砂比表面积分别提高6.910、12.612倍;在pH为中性条件下,石英砂对Zn~(2+)去除率为43%左右,三氯化铁改性砂对Zn~(2+)去除率达到70%左右,硝酸铁改性砂对Zn~(2+)去除率达到85%左右,表明铁盐改性砂对Zn~(2+)去除能力比石英砂有很大提高;铁盐改性砂对Zn~(2+)的吸附有一定容量,表面的活性中心越多,吸附能力越大;铁盐改性砂对Zn~(2+)的去除率随着pH的升高而增加,当pH>8.5时,Zn~(2+)去除率可达90%左右.     

The role of hydrostatic pressure on developmental stages of Pomatoceros lamarcki (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) exposed to water accommodated fractions of crude oil and positive genotoxins at simulated depths of 1000-3000 m

The effect of high hydrostatic pressures on the ecotoxicological profile of pollutants is an unexplored research area. Using Pomatoceros lamarcki as a surrogate organism for this eco-barotoxicological study, it was found that in a 48 h larval bioassay with water accommodated fractions (WAF) of crude oil of up to 15.1 mg L⁻¹ (total hydrocarbon content) and hydrostatic pressures up to 300 bar (3000 m), an additive response was found (p < 0.001) rather than any synergism (p = 0.881). Comprehensive cytogenetic analysis of 6-h (15 °C) embryos exposed to WAF (0.19 mg L⁻¹) at 100 bar showed no effects on mitotic fidelity or cell division rate over the 1 bar treatment. However, embryo's treated with the clastogen mitomycin-c at 100 bar exhibited a significant increase in mitotic aberrations over 1 bar treated as was the case with hypo/hypersaline treatments (p < 0.05). Conversely, an increase in hydrostatic pressure actually reduced the effects of spindle inhibition by the aneugen colchicine (p < 0.05).     

Isolation, identification and characterization of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BZ-6, a bacterial isolate for enhancing oil recovery from oily sludge

Over 100 biosurfactant-producing microorganisms were isolated from oily sludge and petroleum-contaminated soil from Shengli oil field in north China. Sixteen of the bacterial isolates produced biosurfactants and reduced the surface tension of the growth medium from 71 to <30 mN m⁻¹ after 72 h of growth. These bacteria were used to treat oily sludge and the recovery efficiencies of oil from oily sludge were determined. The oil recovery efficiencies of different isolates ranged from 39% to 88%. Bacterial isolate BZ-6 was found to be the most efficient strain and the three phases (oil, water and sediment) were separated automatically after the sludge was treated with the culture medium of BZ-6. Based on morphological, physiological characteristics and molecular identification, isolate BZ-6 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The biosurfactant produced by isolate BZ-6 was purified and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. There were four ion peaks representing four different fengycin A homologues.     

Pattern Recognition Based Software for Oil Spills Identification by Gas-Chromatography and IR Spectrophotometry

For environmental control purposes, floating oil spills in harbours, off shore areas and their sources must often be identified. Pattern recognition, applied to JR spectrophotometric data (600-2000 cm m 1 range), and to chromatographic data ( n -alkanes) for the spill and various suspected sources such as oil and fuels from ships bunkers and harbour installations, can lead to definite conclusions; particularly after artificial weathering formula are used. The software application provides quick and accurate identification of the pollution source. The identification algorithm has a learning stage in which the user creates a minimal database. This database has a tree structure with classes (fuels, crude, etc.) and members representing samples from already known sources. A sample contains JR and chromatographic data and information of the originating source. A larger database means more knowledge, which conveys a better identification. When the origin of an unknown sample is searched for, the software looks for the best match through the database and displays the results in two lists; sorted by calculated similarity. One list displays the classes in which the unknown sample could be included and the other displays the possible sources. An extra check can be done by visual inspection of the overlapped graphics (unknown sample and each of the identified sources).     

Accidental Versus Operational Oil Spills from Shipping in the Baltic Sea: Risk Governance and Management Strategies

Marine governance of oil transportation is complex. Due to difficulties in effectively monitoring procedures on vessels en voyage, incentives to save costs by not following established regulations on issues such as cleaning of tanks, crew size, and safe navigation may be substantial. The issue of problem structure is placed in focus, that is, to what degree the specific characteristics and complexity of intentional versus accidental oil spill risks affect institutional responses. It is shown that whereas the risk of accidental oil spills primarily has been met by technical requirements on the vessels in combination with Port State control, attempts have been made to curb intentional pollution by for example increased surveillance and smart governance mechanisms such as the No-Special-Fee system. It is suggested that environmental safety could be improved by increased use of smart governance mechanisms tightly adapted to key actors’ incentives to alter behavior in preferable directions.     

Microwave-assisted preparation of two-dimensional amphiphilic nanoplate herding surfactants for offshore oil spill treatment

Oil spills are the uncontrolled release of liquid hydrocarbon by ruptured pipelines and tanker hulls, or blowouts and leaks from offshore storage facilities and drilling rigs, either by faulty human behaviors or inevitable natural aging processes. Spills cause disastrous environmental and economic consequences, with the effects of marine habitat damage for lasting decades, necessitating a critical need for efficient oil spill mitigation and leakage treatment. In this study, we develop a two-dimensional (2D) amphiphilic nanoplate as the herding surfactant for retracting spilled oil offshore on the seawater surface with various temperature and saline concentrations. Applying 2D nanoplate herding surfactant causes areas of thin oil slick floating on water to largely shrink and form a thick bulk layer. This transformation lays the foundation for the next-step oil treatment and recovery. Microwave-assisted synthesis method was used to fabricate the surface-modified zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanoplates as the oil herder, which has an amphiphilic characteristic, containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The 2D nanoplate surfactants decrease the air-water surface tension to facilitate the oil herding process efficiently. Using this herding procedure, we propose a biocompatible, high herding efficiency and cost-effective 2D herding surfactant fabrication method and offer a new direction for oil treatment in the offshore process safety field.     

炼油工艺节能环保的实现路径研究

我国作为世界第二大经济体,也是全球第一大发展中国家,对于石油的需求也是很大的。石油作为不可再生资源,虽然我国的炼油技术发展也有了非常显著的提升,但是炼油过程产生和消耗所伴随的环境问题也越来越大。为了解决炼油过程中所带来的环境问题,我们必须采取有效的措施来提升环保性能,依托节能和环保,以保证炼油工业的长期、高质量发展。     

Role of naphthenic acid contaminants in the removal of p-xylene from synthetic produced water by MEUF

The high demand for water in oil sands operations in addition to the shortage of fresh water resources mandate continuous search for reliable and cost effective water treatment technologies. Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) is potentially applicable to produced water treatment. MEUF is, however, susceptible to membrane plugging and back contamination, especially at high surfactant dosages. Recent investigations showed that addition of small amounts of a non-ionic surfactant to an ionic surfactant solution reduces the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the mixed surfactant solution, and consequently reduces the surfactant dosage required to achieve certain removal of contaminants using MEUF. In the present study a naphthenic acid, octanoic acid, typically existing in produced water is shown to play a similar role as the non-ionic surfactant when added to the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Cross-flow MEUF using three different molecular weight cutoffs (MWCOs) of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) hollow fiber membranes was used to treat synthetic produced water containing p-xylene. The mixed CPC/octanoic acid solution removed comparable percentages of p-xylene contaminant at much lower concentrations of CPC. Decreasing CPC concentration in the feed resulted in less fouling and higher permeate flux and reduced back contamination. This, in turn, enhanced the performance of MEUF.