美国<1990年油污法>及船舶油污损害赔偿机制概述

美国没有加入《１９６９年责任公约》和《１９７１年基金公约》，而是通过制定《１９９０年油污法》而建立了国内船舶油污损害赔偿机制。笔者曾于１９９３年前往美国就此问题专门进行了考察。在中国正在研究建立国内船舶油污损害赔偿机制之际，将美国的经验作一总结，希望能有所裨益。     

建立中国船舶油污损害赔偿机制的对策

建立一套有效的船舶油污损害赔偿机制，是提高中国船舶溢油应急能力和减轻污染损害的根本途径。文中论述了建立该机制的必要性和建立中国赔偿机制的对策。     

土壤中石油类检测方法的探讨

通过红外光度法测定,根据土壤中石油类检测方法前处理的时间不同,得出如下结论:用四氯化碳萃取时,震荡的适宜时间为14～18h。     

Physiological and biochemical characteristic of Miscanthus × giganteus grown in heavy metal – oil sludge co-contaminated soil

The effect of oil sludge and zinc, present in soil both separately and as a mixture on the physiological and biochemical parameters of Miscanthus × giganteus plant was examined in a pot experiment. The opposite effect of pollutants on the accumulation of plant biomass was established: in comparison with uncontaminated control the oil sludge increased, and Zn reduced the root and shoot biomass. Oil sludge had an inhibitory effect on the plant photosynthetic apparatus, which intensified in the presence of Zn. The specific antioxidant response of M. × giganteus to the presence of both pollutants was a marked increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (mostly owing to oil sludge) and glutathione-S-transferase (mostly owing to zinc) in the shoots. The participation of glutathione-S-transferase in the detoxification of both the organic and the inorganic pollutants was assumed. Zn inhibited the activity of laccase-like oxidase, whereas oil sludge promoted laccase and ascorbate oxidase activities. This finding suggests that these enzymes play a part in the oxidative detoxification of the organic pollutаnt. With both pollutants used jointly, Zn accumulation in the roots increased 6-fold, leading to increase in the efficiency of soil clean-up from the metal. In turn, Zn did not significantly affect the soil clean-up from oil sludge. This study shows for the first time the effect of co-contamination of soil with oil sludge and Zn on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the bioenergetic plant M. × giganteus. The data obtained are important for understanding the mechanisms of phytoremediation with this plant.     

油气矿基于EPTMC模型实现建设项目环保三同时精细化管理建议探讨

环保三同时管理贯穿于油气田建设项目论证前期、施工期、运行期等整个过程,克服建设项目时间紧、任务重,快建快投等困难,同时要做好项目全过程环境保护管理,尤为重要。本文结合环境保护相关法律法规和建设项目三同时管理相关要求,结合气矿实际情况,为实现建设项目环保三同时精细化管理,通过实践验证,总结提出EPTMC管理模型建议。     

Performance evaluation method of oil and gas pipeline integrity management

The performance evaluation of integrity management has become the focus of attention because integrity management has become widely accepted by pipeline operators. This paper proposes a three-index system of pipeline integrity management performance evaluation (TISPIMPE), which includes system construction, implementation process, and pipeline health status, comprehensively evaluating the status, adequacy, and effectiveness of integrity management. It helps the pipeline operators to determine the weakness in each step. Based on the improved analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the different backgrounds of experts are fully considered, and experts' opinions are revised. The adjustment coefficient of performance evaluation is set up simultaneously, and the evaluation results are adjusted to make the results more reasonable. Taking the performance evaluation of pipeline integrity management of an oil and gas company as an example, it is shown that TISPIMPE has reasonable practicability and can accurately reflect the shortcomings of pipeline integrity management. TISPIMPE can effectively help pipeline managers comprehensively and systematically evaluate the performance of pipeline integrity management and gain an in-depth understanding of pipeline operation status.     

喷射诱导气浮用于废水脱油的动力学研究

喷射诱导气浮应用于污水脱油前景广阔。建立了数学模型，进行了单级间歇模拟实验，测定了脱油动力学常数及极限脱油浓度。验证了脱油动力学方程，利用实验结果，得到了用以计算多模型中参数的关联式。所提出的数学模型为建立设计计算和药剂评价方法提供了依据。