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31.
Wei Wang Jianguo Jiang Xuelong Wu Shunwen Liang 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2000,2(2):65-69
In China, controlling environmental pollution resulting from solid waste (SW) and hazardous waste (HW) has become one of the
most pressing tasks in the field of environmental engineering. It is reported that the annual generation of industrial solid
waste (ISW) in China exceeded 0.6 billion tons in the 1990s, and is increasing every year. Although ISW management has been
strengthened in recent years, about 40% of SW is put in uncontrolled landfill without appropriate treatment. According to
statistics from the national Environmental Protection Agency, the cumulative ISW uncontrolled landfill in China had reached
6.6 billion tons by the end of 1995, occupying around 55 000 hectares of land. Although some major uncontrolled landfills
were constructed, nonetheless groundwater contamination resulted from the use of low-standard liners and poor management.
Furthermore, about 20 million tons of ISW was discharged into the environment illegally, and a third of this waste was discharged
directly into water bodies, making ISW one of the greatest pollution sources for surface water and ground water. Environmental
pollution accidents resulting from SW occur about 100 times a year in China, and environmental issues frequently arise because
of ISW pollution. The practices of SW management, treatment, and disposal started relatively late in China, and for a long
time the management of SW pollution has received little attention compared with water and air pollution management. China
faces problems such as the insufficiency of management laws and regulations, insufficient investment, inadequate treatment
and disposal technology, and a lack of qualified technicians. At present, most treatment and disposal technology cannot meet
the requests for solid waste pollution control. In order to protect, restore, and improve environmental quality in China and
to realize sustainable development, the safe management and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes is a pressing challenge.
In recent years, much attention has been paid to SW management in China, and investment to develop management and treatment
technologies has increased. In 1995, the Law for Solid Waste Pollution Protection was issued, and work on solid waste treatment
and disposal began to be legally managed. SW treatment and disposal facilities have been constructed, and now operate in some
large and medium-sized cities. In particular, rapid improvements have been seen in ISW recycling, collection, and disposal
of municipal solid waste and regional HW management. All the figures in this paper are from 1995, and represent the situation
in China in that year.
Received: April 18, 2000 / Accepted: May 15, 2000 相似文献
32.
新疆干旱区某矿冶场对周围土壤重金属累积的影响 总被引:6,自引:5,他引:1
我国西部干旱半干旱地区为生态脆弱区,近年来西部工矿业发展引起的土壤污染问题越来越受到关注.本文通过空间布点采样,采用多元统计分析、GIS技术以及地积累指数评估等手段,对新疆某矿冶场区周围土壤的9种重金属污染特征进行了调查.结果表明,Cu和As元素为研究区域的主要重金属污染物;重金属Cr、Zn、Ni和Cd累积程度较轻、受人为干扰小;Co和Pb元素在少数样点存在人为干扰累积的现象,但程度也较轻;土壤中Mn没有明显累积和人为干扰.因子分析结果发现9种重金属主要存在2种来源,As、Cu、Ni、Cr、Zn、Cd和Co主要来源于第1种源;元素Mn和Pb主要来源于第2种源.从重金属空间分布特征可知,As、Cu、Ni、Cr、Zn、Pb、Cd和Co的最高含量样点都分布在尾砂库附近区域,因此对尾砂库进行封闭处理是减少重金属污染物向周围环境扩散的重要措施.此外,本研究还发现基于大气污染分析的PCA/APCS受体模型不适用于本案例中定量分析土壤重金属来源. 相似文献
33.
Arantza Murillas‐Maza Jorge Virto María Carmen Gallastegui Pilar González Javier Fernández‐Macho 《Natural resources forum》2011,35(2):122-133
Valuing goods and services from open oceans provides arguments for the ocean's protection and plays an increasingly important role in debates on the use and management of natural resources. This paper identifies and estimates the monetary value of some of the most important goods and services provided by open oceans. The list of goods and services considered includes food production, raw materials, water supply, CO2 regulation, bioremediation of waste, biomass and biodiversity conservation. Therefore, not only values associated with productive uses are quantified but also values assigned to other biological ecosystem services. This paper constitutes a first attempt in the open ocean literature at evaluating services such as water supply, biomass and biodiversity conservation. To obtain their monetary value, different techniques, some not applied before in this area, have been used depending on the ecosystem service to be evaluated. As a general criterion we use the concept of net value added (revenues obtained from the services less incurred costs). Our methodology is illustrated by estimating the monetary values of goods and services provided by the open ocean ecosystem of Spain as defined by its exclusive economic zone. The total economic value obtained measures the contribution of oceans to overall welfare and it may be an important instrument in managing open ocean ecosystems and developing environmental policies in the future. 相似文献
34.
Drying characteristics of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) under the open sun and direct type natural convection solar biomass (hybrid) drying were studied. It has been observed that under open sun drying conditions, the drying rate depends on the product thickness and climatic conditions. The results have been drawn for both the summer (April-May, 2004) and winter (November-January, 2003–04) months of Delhi, in India. In the hybrid drier, the ginger, with a thickness of 0.008 m, dried in 33 hours in comparison to 96 hours in open-sun drying. The overall drying efficiency of the hybrid drier was found to be 18% and 13% under summer and winter climatic conditions respectively. The loss of volatile oil content of the ginger is less in hybrid drier in comparison to open sun drying. It was found that the average drying air temperature of 60°C with average air velocity of 0.6m/sec was sufficient for the drying of ginger in the hybrid drier. Ginger quality after drying is better and drying time is less in the hybrid drier in comparison to open-sun drying. The hybrid drier is a simple device, which can be manufactured with locally available materials and can be used for drying of other spices, vegetables and fruits etc. 相似文献
35.
以第一次全国地理国情普查与基础性地理国情监测数据为数据源,开展西藏芒康滇金丝猴国家级自然保护区内2015、2016、2017、2018年自然保护区建设与管理情况监测,分别从人工地物、林草资源、露天采掘场等方面进行统计,分析人类活动对自然保护区内的生态系统胁迫以及区内生态恢复情况等。 相似文献
36.
海南昌江石碌钴铜矿尾矿库重金属污染环境现状调查 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
为了解海南省昌江县石碌镇钴铜矿尾矿库环境特点,分别采集了矿砂、背景土壤、废水、纳污水体和植物进行分析。结果表明,钴铜矿尾矿库的土壤受As和Cu污染严重,周边土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染;废水经过尾矿库沉淀处理后,SS、As、Cu、Co、Fe等监测指标均有所降低,尾矿库起到沉淀吸附处理作用;纳污河流石碌河水质良好;尾矿库内自然生长的菖蒲和水竹均受到重金属不同程度污染,尾矿库内的甘蔗中Cr、Pb含量均超过食品中污染物限量标准,表明尾矿库内不宜种植可食用作物。 相似文献
37.
碱渣堆场废弃地的生态恢复与景观重建途径探索 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
利用天津市塘沽区三号路碱渣堆场废弃地改造和生态恢复为紫云公园的生态恢复工程实践,对科学治理碱渣堆场废弃地的生态恢复进行了研究. 采用生态恢复工程的方法,针对碱渣复杂的化学成分和特殊的物理性质,通过制造碱渣工程土填垫低洼地,在堆造山体过程中采取工程措施确保山体的稳定,采取覆盖一定厚度外源种植土的方式以适合植物生长,最后种植以乡土先锋植物为主的人工植被,对天津塘沽碱渣堆场废弃地进行了生态恢复. 实现了治理碱渣堆场的目标,并解决了易软化碱渣土堆造山体的工程难题. 相似文献
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