四川省气溶胶光学厚度时空分布特征

本文利用MODIS气溶胶光学厚度产品,建立了气溶胶光学厚度与PM10/2.5的线性关系。分析了2008年~2012年四川省的气溶胶光学厚度时空分布特征,以成都市为特例分析了2003年~2012年的气溶胶光学厚度时空分布。结果显示:气溶胶光学厚度与PM10/2.5的线性关系较高;川西高原具有较低的气溶胶光学厚度,康定、马尔康、西昌、雅安等地年均气溶胶光学厚度约0.2;四川盆地区域具有较高的气溶胶光学厚度,以成都、德阳等地为代表,年均值在0.8~1.0之间,并具有明显季节变化特征;成都市的气溶胶光学厚度时空分布具有明显的城市特点。这些时空分布的特征与四川省的工业情况、地理位置、气候条件有关。     

Urban Air Pollution Monitoring with DOAS Considering the Local Meteorological Situation

The concentrations of ozone, NO₂ and SO₂, measured with a DOAS system 70 m above ground level in the city of Graz were compared with data from conventional ground stations. The dependence of vertical trace-gas distributions on stability categories and time of the day or year was investigated. Concerning the maximum ozone concentrations in summer, the DOAS data are representative for the ground-level situation. In average, the concentrations 70 m above ground are more than twice the ground-level concentrations. It has been shown that beside the reaction with NO, dry deposition is an important sink for ozone near the surface. The DOAS NO₂-concentrations are representative for ground-level conditions in summer, except for the morning maximum of NO₂. In winter the DOAS NO₂-concentrations amount for 73% of the ground level values in average. Concerning the slow reacting trace gas SO₂, the DOAS data are always representative for the ground-level conditions.     

太赫兹时域光谱法测定水中重金属离子

采用太赫兹时域光谱法采集溶液时域数据,经过去噪和时域分析,汞、镉、铜离子溶液分别在频率为1.7THz、0.7THz、1.2THz位置上建立线性模型,得到拟合效果最佳的决定系数,分别为0.969、0.896、0.932。该方法检出限为0.001mg/L~0.002mg/L,空白加标样6次测定结果的RSD为2.0%,加标回收率为94.0%～102%。将该方法用于测定某污水处理厂两个进口的实际水样,结果汞离子未检出。     

有机分子选择性光化学传感器及其在环境分析中的应用

简要介绍了光化学传感器的基本结构。重点列举了为光化学传感器的发展作出重要贡献的一些有机分子选择性光化学传感器。讨论了这些传感器的设计思想和基本原理,以及它们在环境分析中的应用。     

上海地区气溶胶特征及MODIS气溶胶产品在能见度中的应用

利用气象站点能见度的历史资料和美国国家宇航局的MODIS卫星遥感手段获取10 km×10 km分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)资料,建立二者的季节平均关系,得到了上海地区季节变化的气溶胶标高,并利用标高数据和AOD的季节分布,反演出上海地区季节变化的区域能见度分布,研究了近地层大气气溶胶与地面能见度的关系,分析了上海地区AOD的特征及能见度的时空分布特征.结果显示:上海地区冬春季平均能见度较差,外环线以内能见度在10 km以下;低能见度中心分布明显.     

传感器技术在环境空气监测与污染治理中的应用现状、问题与展望

大气环境污染物监测是建立污染源与环境污染关系的重要技术途径,也是大气综合治理决策所需数据的主要来源。近年来,空气质量精细化管理和污染源精准控制的需求逐渐增长,对监测技术提出了更高的要求。传感器技术作为空气质量监测标准方法的补充,是实现城市空气质量高时空分辨率测量的新手段。研究从传感器的原理及分类入手,通过综述其在环境空气质量监测、污染源监控管理、个人暴露风险评估等领域的应用,总结了传感器技术的研发进展、应用现状和存在问题,并提出其发展方向和前景。     

微生物传感器的研究现状及在水环境监测中的应用

微生物传感器是一种迅速发展的环境监测手段。文章介绍了微生物传感器的构成及工作原理与研究现状,并对微生物传感器进行了分类。文章还讨论了微生物传感器在水环境监测中的应用,其中包括在BOD检测、有机物检测及生物毒性检测中的应用,并对其在实际监测应用中所遇问题进行了分析。     

改进灵敏度矩阵的矿井通风故障源诊断及传感器布置研究

利用当前的矿井通风安全监测监控系统,只能反映安设风速传感器的井巷风量发生变化,至于变化是由该条巷道故障引起的,还是由于拓扑关系原因引起的,都无法诊断故障源,通风系统的故障可以归结为分支的风阻发生变化。如果分析每一条分支风阻变化对通风系统的影响,即每一条分支都安设风速传感器是不可能的。因此,井下风速传感器的布置最小数量及位置问题也是研究的重点。改进灵敏度矩阵,建立分支灵敏度0-1矩阵和通风网络故障巷道范围库,用以确定可能引起风速超限的故障巷道范围。最后,提出最少全覆盖布点法,给出分支覆盖度和影响巷道范围库的概念,用以求得风速传感器的宏观布点。     

Revealing the characteristics of dissolved organic matter in urban runoff at three typical regions via optical indices and molecular composition

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a major role in ecological systems and influences the fate and transportation of many pollutants. Despite the significance of DOM, understanding of how environmental and anthropogenic factors influence its composition and characteristics is limited, especially in urban stormwater runoff. In this article, the chemical properties (pollutant loads, molecular weight, aromaticity, sources, and molecular composition) of DOM in stormwater extracted from three typical end-members (traffic, residential, and campus regions) were characterized by UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). There are three findings: (1) The basic properties of DOM in stormwater runoff varied obviously from three urban fields, and the effect of initial flush was also apparent. (2) The DOM in residential areas mainly came from autochthonous sources, while allochthonous sources primarily contributed to the DOM in traffic and campus areas. However, it was mainly composed of terrestrial humic-like components with CHO and CHON element composition and HULO and aliphatic formulas. (3) The parameters characterizing DOM were primarily related to terrestrial source and aromaticity, but their correlations varied. Through the combination of optical methods and UPLC-Q-TOF spectrometry, the optical and molecular characteristics of rainwater are effectively revealed, which may provide a solid foundation for the classification management of stormwater runoff in different urban regions.     

复合抛物面聚光器在光电感烟探测器应用研究

基于复合抛物面聚光器的设计原理,提出可应用于点型光电感烟探测器的聚光器设计方法以及装配方式。与现有聚光器相比,研究设计的聚光器能够限制收集散射光线的散射角范围。根据点型光电感烟探测器光学暗室的结构特点,确定聚光器初始模型基本参数,并提出侧面光线入口设计方式以及安装方式,增大聚光器的聚光性能。利用光学仿真软件TracePro对剖切后的聚光器进行光学模拟,研究不同剖切角的聚光器对光线的收集情况,模拟结果表明,选择恰当的剖切方式,可以增大聚光器对入射光线的角度接收范围或空间接收范围,有利于增强探测器的探测性能。