人误屏障分析技术

在复杂工业系统中,屏障是预防与减少人误的有效方法,一旦屏障失效,事故就有可能发生。笔者从屏障的概念与屏障分析入手,分析了实体屏障和管理屏障两类基本的屏障,介绍了屏障分析的6个步骤即辨识危险和目标、辨识屏障、评估屏障是否失效、弄清原因、评估与决定、制定方案及其分析案例,进行创建和维持屏障的方案分析,建立纠正行动计划的屏障方案,指出有效使用屏障分析技术来减少人误的几个场合以及屏障分析的局限性。     

Formula allocation as a policy tool: politics and measurement

Formula allocation is a major tool for the distribution of public funds in the United States of America. This paper explores several examples of formulae used in U.S. domestic programmes, looking at their construction, meaning and consequences. The authors argue that the design of formulae is both a political and technical task. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations to improve formulae as tools of distributional policy.     

GOES IR AND DUMMY VARIABLE TECHNIQUES FOR LOW TEMPERATURE ASSESSMENT IN FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) thermal infrared (IR) data were used to study regional cold nocturnal temperature fluctuations that are important in assessing citrus freeze damage. Dummy variables techniques were used to analyze the temperature difference between the east and west sides of Central Florida, which was obtained from both ground measurement minimum temperature (T_GMM) and the GOES mean temperature (T_GOES) on low-temperature nights. The low temperature pattern, which was closely related to the citrus freeze damage pattern in Central Florida, was identified by GOES thermal IR data but not by conventional ground measurements. The low surface temperature in the west side and east side appears to be attributable to differences in soil types, water tables, and drainage classes in both regions.     

Destruction of VOCs by combination of corona discharge and catalysis techniques

The catalytic effect of alumina on the destruction of toluene, benzene, acetone and methanol, in DC pulsed corona discharge reactor was studied. In the presence of alumina the inlet concentration of the VOCs was varied from ～5×10^-6mol/L to ～80×10^-6mol/L, and their decomposition efficiency (conversion %) was found to be 99%—80% for toluene, 99%—97% for benzene, 95%—92% for acetone, and 72%—85% for methanol. Corresponding decomposition in the absence of alumina was 90%—38% for toluene, 89%—57% for benzene, 42%—30% for acetone, and 47%—19% for methanol. Feed gas flow rate was 400 cm³/min and power reading from DC source was 7.4 W in all of the experiments. Alumina also shifted the CO/CO₂ ratio in the by products in favor of CO₂. Ozone concentration at the reactor outlet was higher in the presence of alumina. Enhancement in VOCs decomposition by alumina was explained on the basis of higher concentration of ozone and its precursor atomic oxygen [O] . Decomposition efficiency (conversion %) for individual compounds was found to be inversely proportional to the ionization potential of the compound, under identical conditions. Double DC high voltage sources pulse generator was tested and found to improve VOCs decomposition compared with the conventional single DC high voltage source.      

中国粮食生产发展预测及其保证程度分析

本文讨论了中国粮食生产发展面临的４种严峻困难与挑战。按照中国基本国情及世界市场粮食资源状况，中国必须走粮食基本自给的道路。利用投入占用产出技术及系统科学方法，对２０３０年中国的粮食产量、粮食进口量及自给率进行了预测。     

Assessment of the quality of the air in the city of Palermo through chemical and cell analyses on Pinus needles

The influence of air pollution on the chemical composition of Pinus sp. needles was examined in polluted and control sites in and around the city of Palermo (Sicily). The chemical composition of needles indicated the extent of contamination of the trees, which were cytologically examined. Cell analysis was carried out on pine samples, including needles and pollens, from 15 different locations. Biostructural and spectrophotometric tests were performed. In particular, concentrations of toxic (Cd, Pb) and non-toxic metals (Fe,Cu, Zn) were determined, as well as injury caused by their accumulation in the needles. The more highly urbanised areas showed higher concentrations of metals (Pb, Cu. Zn, Fe); only the concentrations of Cd and Mn turned out to be constant in all the sites. Cell analysis revealed displasic cells and secondary metabolite accumulations in trees from polluted sites. These changes observed were most likely caused by the toxic effect of pollutants.     

我国地方海洋立法技术分析

从立法技术这一独特视野,运用法理学、立法学的基本理论,从对地方海洋法和立法技术的正确理解和把握入手,剖析了我国现行地方海洋法规在立法技术方面存在的具体问题.提出了加强地方海洋立法理论研究、形成综合立法机制、完善地方海洋立法各项具体制度等针对性对策和建议,以有助于我国地方海洋立法科学化,加快海洋法治建设进程.     

Evaluating Contact Techniques: Assessing the Impact of a Regulator’s Intervention on the Health and Safety Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses

This study reports on the development of an evaluation methodology for assessing quantitatively and qualitatively the effectiveness of seminar and mass-mailing contact techniques. These techniques are used to augment traditional health and safety inspections at commercial and industrial premises in the United Kingdom. One of the major findings is that specific aims and objectives for the intervention should be developed prior to the communication exercise. This is crucial for any subsequent measurement of effectiveness, as the intended effect needs to be considered before the communication exercise takes place. Developing more systematic approaches to evaluation is an important step in helping to learn from previous experiences, that is, to build upon the foundations of good practice and avoid repeating mistakes. In time the results of systematic evaluations can be used to inform future policy making, which may help to create more effective risk reduction strategies.     

生物除磷系统的聚磷微生物种群及其检测方法

总结了强化生物除磷(EBPR)系统中的聚磷菌微生物学的研究成果,介绍了聚磷菌所涉及主要菌群的菌属分类情况及其生物特性,阐述了EBPR系统内聚磷菌微生物学研究的各种分离鉴定技术的特点,包括传统的微生物纯培养技术、染色与光学显微镜技术,现代分子及其扩展技术及组合技术等,并分析了各分子生物技术的应用情况。重点介绍了以Accumulibacter为主的聚磷菌形态学和代谢特性方面取得的研究进展,并对今后聚磷菌微生物学的研究和发展方向进行了论述。     

Developing a new alternative risk assessment framework in the work sites by including a stochastic and a deterministic process: A case study for the Greek Public Electric Power Provider

An individual method cannot achieve the optimum risk-assessment result in the worksites, and future perspectives should focus on the parallel application of a deterministic approach with a stochastic approach. In particular, the risk analysis and assessment techniques of the deterministic (DET) approach are classified into three main categories: (a) the qualitative, (b) the quantitative, and (c) the hybrid techniques (qualitative-quantitative, semi-quantitative). Furthermore, the stochastic (STO) approach includes the classic statistical approach (CSA) and the accident forecasting modeling (AFM). The objective of this paper is triple: (a) the presentation and classification of the main risk analysis and risk assessment methods and techniques of the deterministic approach and the stochastic approach as well, (b) the development and presentation of a new alternative risk assessment framework (called as STODET) including a stochastic and a deterministic process, and (c) the application of STODET in the Greek Public Power Corporation (PPC) by using occupational accidents that have been recorded, during the 17-year period of 1993-2009. In particular, the STODET application proves that required actions (or suppressive measures) are essential and must be taken in a medium-term period (1 working year) for abolishing the hazard sources.