Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and landfill leachate in single-phase batch reactors

In order to investigate the effect of raw leachate on anaerobic digestion of food waste, co-digestions of food waste with raw leachate were carried out. A series of single-phase batch mesophilic (35 ± 1 °C) anaerobic digestions were performed at a food waste concentration of 41.8 g VS/L. The results showed that inhibition of biogas production by volatile fatty acids (VFA) occurred without raw leachate addition. A certain amount of raw leachate in the reactors effectively relieved acidic inhibition caused by VFA accumulation, and the system maintained stable with methane yield of 369–466 mL/g VS. Total ammonia nitrogen introduced into the digestion systems with initial 2000–3000 mgNH₄–N/L not only replenished nitrogen for bacterial growth, but also formed a buffer system with VFA to maintain a delicate biochemical balance between the acidogenic and methanogenic microorganisms. UV spectroscopy and fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy data showed that food waste was completely degraded.We concluded that using raw leachate for supplement water addition and pH modifier on anaerobic digestion of food waste was effective. An appropriate fraction of leachate could stimulate methanogenic activity and enhance biogas production.     

济南市典型行业VOCs排放特征及减排潜力分析

基于济南市2020年大气污染源排放清单,选取化工、工业涂装、印刷和家具制造作为VOCs排放典型行业,对VOCs排放现状及存在问题进行调查分析,并依据企业规模及末端治理技术现状,设计出2种减排情景,估算减排潜力.结果表明,典型行业VOCs排放量从大到小依次为化工(7 947.92 t)、工业涂装(2 383.29 t)、印刷(792.87 t)和家具制造(143.79 t),其中,化工和工业涂装以大型企业为主,VOCs排放量占比分别为46.45%和50.89%,印刷和家具制造以中型企业为主,VOCs排放量占比分别为51.76%和42.37%;末端治理以单一低效治理技术为主,燃烧技术和组合技术等高效治理技术的使用率仅为7.46%;企业现场调研发现部分企业存在未完成源头替代、无组织排放管理不到位和末端治理设施适配性差等问题,具有一定的减排潜力.在设计的2种减排情景下,化工行业减排潜力最大,减排率为69.58%～84.99%,工业涂装、印刷和家具制造行业的减排率分别为26.98%～34.74%、 36.96%～59.74%和8.55%～40.45%.各行业的大、中型企业减排潜力较大,平均减排率...     

滇池流域入湖河流溶解性有机质的分布及来源

基于三维荧光光谱和平行因子分析方法,探究了2018年滇池流域主要入湖河流丰水期和枯水期水体溶解性有机质（DOM）组成,并结合主成分分析和多元线性回归分析对河流中DOM各荧光组分的相对贡献进行了定量分析.结果表明：入滇河流水体DOM包含5种荧光组分,分别为类腐殖质荧光组分C1、C3、C5和类蛋白色氨酸荧光组分C2、C4,且5种荧光组分之间具有同源性,污染严重河流水体DOM的荧光强度相对较高;荧光指数、自生源指数、腐殖化指数综合表明,入滇河流水体DOM的内源特性较强,自生源特征明显,生物可利用性较高,腐质化程度低,分子结构不稳定.主成分分析和多元线性回归分析结果显示：枯水期DOM的荧光组分中类腐殖物质的平均贡献率占30.1%,类蛋白色氨酸物质的平均贡献率占69.9%;丰水期DOM组分中类腐殖物质的平均贡献率占54.3%,类蛋白色氨酸物质的平均贡献率占45.7%.     

石化行业炼油恶臭污染源治理技术评估

运用环保技术评估体系,提出石油炼制过程中典型恶臭污染源治理技术评价指标体系,并对已应用的治理技术进行全面评估,从而筛选出炼油污水处理场废气、酸性水罐罐顶气、冷焦水罐/油品中间罐/污油罐罐顶气、氧化脱硫醇尾气和油品装卸挥发气的最佳可行技术.     

基于环境心理学的社会个体环境保护行为探析

当前严峻的环境形势迫使人们必须立即改变其污染环境、破坏生态等多种危害环境的行为模式。因此,对处于社会不同角色的环境行为个体,探讨影响群体中个人环境行为的各方面因素,从而更有针对性地通过各种行之有效的技术和策略来影响人们的环境行为是很有意义的。本文不仅在宏观的层面上分析了我国环境管理中政府、企业、公众三大主体的行动现状与不足,还结合了心理学的相关知识,在微观的层面上探讨了个人参与环境保护行为的影响因素（如：环保意识、从众心理、习惯）及干预方法（如：环境教育、提示、强化技术、强制手段）,在一定程度上可以补充国内环境心理学对于环境保护行为研究的不足,更好地促进人们行为的改变,确保环境问题从根本上的解决,继而实现社会的可持续发展。     

数字图像相关技术在高温热膨胀系数测量中的应用

目的测量热结构材料在高温环境下的热膨胀系数,方法将数字图像相关(DIC)技术和通电加热技术相结合,建立高温热变形测量系统。该系统使用CCD相机采集不同温度下试样的表面图像,经DIC方法分析处理得到被测材料随温度升高产生的变形和应变,进一步计算得到相应温度下的热膨胀系数。测量紫铜、石墨分别在600~800℃,600~1200℃范围内的热膨胀系数,并与文献数据进行比较。结果使用该实验系统测量得到了紫铜和石墨分别在600~800℃,600~1200℃范围内的热膨胀系数,与文献参考值吻合较好。结论该测量方法可精确得到导电材料的热应变及热膨胀系数,测量温度上限可达1200℃。     

DOAS监测排放烟气浓度时谱线漂移处理方法研究

差分吸收光谱法(DOAS)是利用气体在紫外可见光波段对光具有选择吸收的特性来测量气体浓度的一种方法。DOAS法连续监测系统的核心是软件部分,由于吸收谱线漂移现象的存在,光谱解析算法的改进对污染气体浓度的计算带来很大的影响。基于DOAS法研究监测排放烟气浓度时谱线漂移对浓度计算的影响,并提出将相关函数和相关系数结合参与浓度计算,实验的结果表明,可以有效地减小谱线漂移时浓度计算的误差。     

牛粪发酵沼液DOM与Fe (III)离子络合机制研究

采用荧光光谱、红外光谱、平行因子（PARAFAC）分析及二维相关光谱（2D-COS）分析来解释Fe （III）与牛粪发酵DOM的络合异质性及机制.结果表明,PAFAFAC能够识别6个荧光组分,包括类蛋白（C2）、类富里酸（C1）、类腐殖酸（C4、C5）、类蛋白与类富里酸和类腐殖酸结合的荧光组分（C3、C6）.2D-SYS-COS分析仅能识别类蛋白和类富里酸荧光物质,DOM中类蛋白荧光为主要的荧光组分.2D-COS分析表明,在334nm处的类富里酸荧光组分优先与Fe （III）离子发生络合作用,络合次序为334nm→306nm.DOM中能够优先与Fe （III）发生络合作用的为仲铵盐-NH₂基团,各官能团组分与Fe （III）发生络合作用次序为2265→2771→1528→1310→1805→1479cm^-1.双对数模型计算结果表明牛粪发酵沼液DOM能够与Fe （III）形成高化学稳定性的络合物,其络合常数在4.34~7.03之间,研究结果能够为沼液施用土壤金属离子的形态分布和迁移转化提供理论指导.     

Revealing the characteristics of dissolved organic matter in urban runoff at three typical regions via optical indices and molecular composition

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a major role in ecological systems and influences the fate and transportation of many pollutants. Despite the significance of DOM, understanding of how environmental and anthropogenic factors influence its composition and characteristics is limited, especially in urban stormwater runoff. In this article, the chemical properties (pollutant loads, molecular weight, aromaticity, sources, and molecular composition) of DOM in stormwater extracted from three typical end-members (traffic, residential, and campus regions) were characterized by UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). There are three findings: (1) The basic properties of DOM in stormwater runoff varied obviously from three urban fields, and the effect of initial flush was also apparent. (2) The DOM in residential areas mainly came from autochthonous sources, while allochthonous sources primarily contributed to the DOM in traffic and campus areas. However, it was mainly composed of terrestrial humic-like components with CHO and CHON element composition and HULO and aliphatic formulas. (3) The parameters characterizing DOM were primarily related to terrestrial source and aromaticity, but their correlations varied. Through the combination of optical methods and UPLC-Q-TOF spectrometry, the optical and molecular characteristics of rainwater are effectively revealed, which may provide a solid foundation for the classification management of stormwater runoff in different urban regions.     

Speciation and quantitation of degradation products of silicones (Silane/Siloxane Diols) by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry and stability of dimethylsilanediol

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methodology was developed to speciate and quantitate several degradation products of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in soil. We have demonstrated that the major degradation product,viz., dimethylsilanediol, can be readily analyzed by GC-MS without derivatization as commonly practiced in analyzing such materials. A mixture of linear siloxane diols (n = 1–5, wheren is the number of Me₂SiO units), and cyclic dimethylsiloxanes (n = 4–6) was resolved by GC-MS. We also found that peak identity of various diols required that GC-MS is done in the chemical ionization (CI) mode, since the electron impact (EI) ionization mode produced similar mass fragmentation patterns for diols and cyclics containing the same number of silicon atoms. For siloxane diols, detection limits ranged from 100 pg (forn = 1) to 1 ng (for n = 5). For cyclics, the detection limit was about 1 pg. Dimethylsilanediol, known to be unstable even in the solid state, was shown by NMR techniques to be stable in aqueous solution at <0.1% concentration. A 100-ppm solution was stable for over a year. Purity check for dimethylsilanediol is best carried out by Si-29 solid-state NMR technique.