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271.
Copper-based pesticides and wood preservatives could end up in the environment during production, use, and end-of-life via different pathways that could cause unintended ecological and adverse health effects. This paper provides the effect of colloid-size Cu-based pesticides (CuPRO and Kocide), micronized Cu azole (MCA-1 and MCA-2) and alkaline Cu quaternary (ACQ) treated woods, Cu2+, Cu2+ spiked untreated wood (UTW), and CuCO3 solutions against Gram-positive Bacillus species using five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) standard test. The total Cu leached from MCA-1, MCA-2, and ACQ in Milli-Q water after 5 days were ~0.1, ~0.11, and ~0.64 g/kg of wood, respectively. However, the form of Cu leached from MCA woods was mostly ionic (> 90%). The total organic carbon (TOC) content of any tested wood (UTW/MCA-1/MCA-2/ACQ) was ~99% of its corresponding total carbon (TC) content, whereas the TOC of any tested wood sawdust exceeded that of its corresponding piece/block by > 300%. The dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption value in the presence of Cu2+, CuCO3, CuPRO, and Kocide solutions was significantly influenced by Cu particles/ions. However, the DO consumption value in the presence of UTW/MCA-1/MCA-2/ACQ woods was significantly influenced by organics leached from woods. On the other hand, the DO consumption of MCA sawdust was greater than (300%) that of MCA pieces/block. The findings of this study provide more insight into how organics leached from woods significantly reduce the toxic effects of Cu ions against Gram-positive Bacillus species. 相似文献
272.
概述GC/MS联用在我国大气有机污染监测中的应用,介绍大气中有机污染物,如多环芳烃、硝基多环芳烃、多氯二苯并二恶英、多氯二苯并呋喃、碳氢化合物、苯系物、恶臭、有机硫化合物、多组分有机污染物的测定。 相似文献
273.
274.
Long-term study of air pollution plays a decisive role in formulating and refining pollution control strategies. In this study, two 12-month measurements of PM2.5 mass and speciation were conducted in 00/01 and 04/05 to determine long-term trend and spatial variations of PM2.5 mass and chemical composition in Hong Kong. This study covered three sites with different land-use characteristics, namely roadside, urban, and rural environments. The highest annual average PM2.5 concentration was observed at the roadside site (58.0±2.0 μg m−3 (average±2σ) in 00/01 and 53.0±2.7 μg m−3 in 04/05), followed by the urban site (33.9±2.5 μg m−3 in 00/01 and 39.0±2.0 μg m−3 in 04/05), and the rural site (23.7±1.9 μg m−3 in 00/01 and 28.4±2.4 μg m−3 in 04/05). The lowest PM2.5 level measured at the rural site was still higher than the United States’ annual average National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 15 μg m−3. As expected, seasonal variations of PM2.5 mass concentration at the three sites were similar: higher in autumn/winter and lower in summer. Comparing PM2.5 data in 04/05 with those collected in 00/01, a reduction in PM2.5 mass concentration at the roadside (8.7%) but an increase at the urban (15%) and rural (20%) sites were observed. The reduction of PM2.5 at the roadside was attributed to the decrease of carbonaceous aerosols (organic carbon and elemental carbon) (>30%), indicating the effective control of motor vehicle emissions over the period. On the other hand, the sulfate concentration at the three sites was consistent regardless of different land-use characteristics in both studies. The lack of spatial variation of sulfate concentrations in PM2.5 implied its origin of regional contribution. Moreover, over 36% growth in sulfate concentration was found from 00/01 to 04/05, suggesting a significant increase in regional sulfate pollution over the years. More quantitative techniques such as receptor models and chemical transport models are required to assess the temporal variations of source contributions to ambient PM2.5 mass and chemical speciation in Hong Kong. 相似文献
275.
Lei Li Shijie Yuan Chen Cai Xiaohu Dai 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2022,16(6):74
Methanogenesis is the last step in anaerobic digestion, which is usually a rate-limiting step in the biological treatment of organic waste. The low methanogenesis efficiency (low methane production rate, low methane yield, low methane content) substantially limits the development of anaerobic digestion technology. Traditional pretreatment methods and bio-stimulation strategies have impacts on the entire anaerobic system and cannot directly enhance methanogenesis in a targeted manner, which was defined as “broad-acting” strategies in this perspective. Further, we discussed our opinion of methanogenesis process with insights from the electron transfer system of syntrophic partners and provided potential targeted enhancing strategy for high-efficiency electron transfer system. These “precise-acting” strategies are expected to achieve an efficient methanogenesis process and enhance the bio-energy recovery of organic waste. 相似文献
276.
建立了一种高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)同时测定环境水样中8种有机磷农药的分析方法。以地表水、地下水、污水和废水样品作为代表性水样基底,前处理方法仅采用简单的滤膜过滤,在C18柱分离后,在多反应监测模式下进行分析检测。结果表明,敌百虫、毒死蜱等有机磷农药在样品保存过程中迅速发生降解,分析须在样本采集后1 d内完成;该方法的检出限为0.10~0.20 μg/L,线性拟合相关系数(r)均>0.995;不同基底、不同浓度的加标回收实验表明,8种有机磷农药在环境基底中的回收率为74.5%~118%,相对标准偏差为0.4%~8.6%。该方法操作简便、灵敏度高、准确性好,在未来环境监测工作中具有较好的应用前景。 相似文献
277.
沉积物中有机氯农药超声提取分析方法研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
应用超声提取沉积物中的有机氯农药(OCPs),GC-ECD进行定量分析. 研究了不同提取溶剂、提取时间、提取次数以及不同极性的毛细管色谱柱对沉积物中11种OCPs(六氯苯,α-HCH,γ-HCH,七氯,艾氏剂,δ-HCH,β-HCH,p,p′-DDE,o,p′-DDT,p,p′-DDD和p,p′-DDT)提取效率的影响,确定了沉积物中OCPs超声提取的最优条件:用正己烷/二氯甲烷(体积比为1∶1)作提取溶剂,提取60 min,提取1次,采用DB-1701毛细管色谱柱,GC-ECD定量测定可以得到较好的效果,提取效率均高于70%,满足美国环境保护局(USEPA)的要求. 利用最优条件分析了辽东湾沉积物中的OCPs含量. 结果表明,辽东湾沉积物中六氯苯,α-HCH,γ-HCH,七氯,δ-HCH,β-HCH,p,p′-DDE,o,p′-DDT,p,p′-DDD和p,p′-DDT均被检出;DDTs类以p,p′-DDT含量最高,且以DDE为主要的降解产物;HCHs以δ-HCH含量最高. 与其他湖泊河流沉积物相比,辽东湾HCHs,DDTs及六氯苯含量相对较高. 相似文献
278.
279.
The objective of this study was to characterize recovered soil fines from construction and demolition (C&D) waste recycling facilities for trace organic pollutants. Over a period of 18 months, five sampling trips were made to 14 C&D waste recycling facilities in Florida. Screened soil fines were collected from older stockpiles and newly generated piles at the sites. The samples were analyzed for the total concentration (mg/kg) of a series of volatile organic compound (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (semi-VOCs). The synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) test was also performed to evaluate the leachability of the trace organic chemicals. During the total analysis only a few volatile organic compounds were commonly found in the samples (trichlorofluoromethane, toluene, 4-isopropyltoluene, trimethylbenzene, xylenes, and methylene chloride). A total of nine VOCs were detected in the leaching test. Toluene showed the highest leachability among the compounds (61.3-92.0%), while trichlorofluoromethane, the most commonly detected compound from both the total and leaching tests, resulted in the lowest leachability (1.4-39.9%). For the semi-VOC analysis, three base-neutral semi-VOC compounds (bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, and di-n-butyl phthalate) and several PAHs (acenaphthene, pyrene, fluoranthene, and phenanthrene) were commonly detected in C&D fines samples. These compounds also leached during the SPLP leaching test (0.1-25%). No acid extractable compounds, pesticides, or PCBs were detected. The results of this study were further investigated to assess risk from land applied recovered soil fines by comparing total and leaching concentrations of recovered soil fines samples to risk-based standards. The results of this indicate that the organic chemicals in recovered soil fines from C&D debris recycling facilities were not of a major concern in terms of human risk and leaching risk to groundwater under reuse and contact scenarios. 相似文献
280.