Energy efficacy used to score organic refuse pretreatment processes for hydrogen anaerobic production

The production of hydrogen through Anaerobic Digestion (AD) has been investigated to verify the efficacy of several pretreatment processes. Three types of waste with different carbon structures have been tested to obtain an extensive representation of the behavior of the materials present in Organic Waste (OW). The following types of waste were selected: Sweet Product Residue (SPR), i.e., confectionary residue removed from the market after the expiration date, Organic Waste Market (OWM) refuse from a local fruit and vegetable market, and Coffee Seed Skin (CSS) waste from a coffee production plant. Several pretreatment processes have been applied, including physical, chemical, thermal, and ultrasonic processes and a combination of these processes. Two methods have been used for the SPR to remove the packaging, manual (SPR) and mechanical (SPRex). A pilot plant that is able to extrude the refuse to 200 atm was utilized. Two parameters have been used to score the different pretreatment processes: efficiency (ξ), which takes into account the amount of energy produced in the form of hydrogen compared with the available energy embedded in the refuse, and efficacy (η), which compares the efficiency obtained using the pretreated refuse with that obtained using the untreated refuse. The best result obtained for the SPR was the basic pretreatment, with η = 6.4, whereas the thermal basic pretreatment gave the highest value, η = 17.0 for SPRex. The best result for the OWM was obtained through a combination of basic/thermal pretreatments with η = 9.9; lastly, the CSS residue with ultrasonic pretreatment produced the highest quantity of hydrogen, η = 5.2.     

小麦田中有机硫气体的释放

采用密闭箱法对不同施肥条件下小麦田中羰基硫(COS)、二硫化碳(CS₂)和二甲基硫(DMS)的释放情况进行了监测.结果表明,小麦生长过程对COS、CS₂和DMS释放影响显著,小麦对COS有明显吸收作用,DMS和CS₂是麦田中释放的主要含硫气体.COS和CS₂释放速率昼夜变化明显.仅施用有机肥的麦田,硫释放总量高于其它田块.不同施肥条件的田块,硫释放总量范围在-1.40～0.79mg·ml^-2之间.     

双碱法烟气脱硫工艺的研究

以旋流板塔为脱硫塔，实验研究了Na2CO3-Ca(OH)2双碱法脱硫工艺，试验了不同液气比L／G、Na^2 浓度、吸收液pH值和进气SO2浓度等主要参数对脱硫率的影响，并考察了Na^ 的损失与操作条件的关系，分析了双碱法脱硫过程的传质反应过程机理以及不同pH值对脱硫率的影响，此外，还讨论了本工艺适宜操作和工业应用前景。     

成都市典型非道路工程机械排气烟度分析

采用不透光烟度计采集了成都市典型工程机械(挖掘机、装载机、叉车和压路机)排气烟度,研究了机械功率对其活动水平(燃油消耗量和年均工作时间)的影响,同时也研究了机械发动机构造和机械排放标准对其排气烟度的影响;同时,采用氮硫测定仪分析了机械油品硫含量,研究了硫含量对其排气烟度的影响.试验结果表明:机械功率越大的工程机械,燃油消耗量和年均工作时间数越高.成都典型工程机械排气烟度排放水平最低的为装载机,最高的为压路机;同时,超高排放装载机与叉车的占比较高.工程机械排气烟度受机械发动机排量、机械发动机构造、机械发动机排放标准和机械用油的综合影响,通过对工程机械装配电控发动机、提高原机排放标准和使用低硫燃油均能直观反映出机械排气烟度不同程度的改善.此外,油品中硫含量越高,机械排气烟度越大.     

活性炭的表面性质对CeOx/AC催化臭氧氧化水中苯甲酸的影响机制

实验对活性炭(activated carbon,AC)进行了氧改性、氮改性、硫改性和氮-硫共改性,考查AC的表面性质对CeO_x/AC催化臭氧氧化苯甲酸性能的影响.结果表明,相比氧改性活性炭ACO、硫改性活性炭ACS和氮改性活性炭ACN,氮-硫共改性活性炭ACNS由于含氮官能团和含硫官能团的引入,提高了对苯甲酸的吸附性能和催化臭氧氧化性能.采用氮-硫共改性活性炭为载体制备的CeO_x/ACNS催化剂表面Ce~(3+)含量最高,因而具有最高的催化活性,反应30 min,苯甲酸的去除率由单独臭氧氧化的22%提高到88%,TOC的去除率单独臭氧氧化的7%提高到55%.CeO_x/ACNS催化剂具有良好的稳定性,循环使用6次,苯甲酸的去除率仅从88%降低到82%,整个过程中活性组分Ce的流失只占负载量的0.32%,是一种很有应用潜力的臭氧氧化催化剂.     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from different soil fractions by persulfate oxidation

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from different soil fractions of contaminated soil was investigated by using activated persulfate oxidation remediation in our research. The results showed that the light fraction, which accounted for only 10% of the soil, contained 30% of the PAHs at a concentration of 4352?mg/kg. The heavy fraction contained more high-molecular-weight PAHs, and the total PAH concentration was 625?mg/kg. After being oxidized, the removal rate of PAHs was 39% in the light fraction and nearly 90% in the heavy fraction. Among the different fractions of the heavy fraction, humic acid contained the highest concentration of PAHs, and consequently, the highest removal efficiency of PAHs was also in humic acid. Compared with the light fraction, the heavy fraction has more aromatic compounds and those compounds were broken down during the oxidation process, which may be the removal mechanism involved in the oxidation of high-ring PAHs. Similarly, the enhancement of C = C bonds after oxidation can also explain the poor removal of high-ring PAHs in the light fraction. These results imply that different fractions of soil vary in composition and structure, leading to differences in the distribution and oxidation efficiencies of PAHs.     

Comparison of UV-based advanced oxidation processes for the removal of different fractions of NOM from drinking water

This study examined the effectiveness for degradation of hydrophobic (HPO), transphilic (TPI) and hydrophilic (HPI) fractions of natural organic matter (NOM) during UV/H₂O₂, UV/TiO₂ and UV/K₂S₂O₈ (UV/PS) advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The changing characteristics of NOM were evaluated by dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the specific UV absorbance (SUVA), trihalomethanes formation potential (THMFP), organic halogen adsorbable on activated carbon formation potential (AOXFP) and parallel factor analysis of excitation–emission matrices (PARAFAC-EEMs). In the three UV-based AOPs, HPI fraction with low molecular weight and aromaticity was more likely to degradate than HPO and TPI, and the removal efficiency of SUVA for HPO was much higher than TPI and HPI fraction. In terms of the specific THMFP of HPO, TPI and HPI, a reduction was achieved in the UV/H₂O₂ process, and the higest removal rate even reached to 83%. UV/TiO₂ and UV/PS processes can only decrease the specific THMFP of HPI. The specific AOXFP of HPO, TPI and HPI fractions were all able to be degraded by the three UV-based AOPs, and HPO content is more susceptible to decompose than TPI and HPI content. UV/H₂O₂ was found to be the most effective treatment for the removal of THMFP and AOXFP under given conditions. C1 (microbial or marine derived humic-like substances), C2 (terrestrially derived humic-like substances) and C3 (tryptophan-like proteins) fluorescent components of HPO fraction were fairly labile across the UV-based AOPs treatment. C3 of each fraction of NOM was the most resistant to degrade upon the UV-based AOPs. Results from this study may provide the prediction about the consequence of UV-based AOPs for the degradation of different fractions of NOM with varied characteristics.     

上海工业区大气颗粒物中硫的化学形态和分布

用低压冲击式采样器 (DLPI) 采集了上海工业区和郊区大气中28nm~9.92μm粒径范围的颗粒物样品,用同步辐射X射线吸收近边结构谱(XANES)和X射线荧光分析(SRXRF) 对样品中硫的化学形态和含量进行了研究.结果表明,粗颗粒物和细颗粒物中的硫,大部分以硫酸盐形式存在;超细颗粒物中除了硫酸盐硫之外,一部分硫以低价的还原态形式存在,可能的化学形态为金属硫化物、噻吩类有机硫化物.细粒子中硫的质量浓度高于粗颗粒,约 70%的硫分布在细粒子中.硫的质量浓度呈多模态分布.工业区的超细颗粒物峰值出现在0.091~0.154μm;细颗粒的分布为积聚模,峰值出现在0.38~0.611μm;粗颗粒分布为粗模态,在1.59~3.98μm和6.57~9.92μm出现2个峰值.郊区的超细颗粒物中硫的质量分布不存在峰值;积聚模出现两个亚模态,分别为峰值在0.261~0.380μm的“凝结模态”和峰值在0.611~0.945μm的“液滴模态”;粗模态峰值在2.38~6.57μm.污染来源和颗粒物形成、转换机制以及不同采样时间的气象条件差异决定了2个地区颗粒物中硫的分布特性,工业区颗粒物中硫的来源有海盐源的贡献,而郊区较少受海洋源的影响.     

人工片状钙基脱硫剂的试制及其性能研究

介绍了用于沸騰炉燃煤锅炉脱硫的人工片状钙基脱硫剂的生产工艺,并用固定床反应器、压汞仪,扫描电子显微镜、强度仪等研究了该脱硫剂的物理化学特性。实验表明,采用该工艺生产的脱硫剂具有良好的抗压抗磨强度和耐水性,由于具有合理的孔分布,其固硫能力是石灰石的2—3倍,钙利用率可达40％,适用于850℃—1000℃的较宽温度范围。在3台沸腾炉共7个工况下的工业实验证明了该脱硫剂的上述特性。     

有机硫恶臭物质采样和分析检测技术研究

本研究以二甲二硫醚和甲硫醇为代表对有机硫恶臭物质的采样浓缩,热解析和ＧＣ,ＧＣ／ＭＳ的色谱分离,定性鉴定和定量检测方法进行了实验技术研究。与此同时研制开发了恶臭污染监测的系列配套装置－采样管,微型采样泵,热解析色谱进行装置和标准气体物质发生装置。经筛选确认,国产ＧＤＸＥ１０５采样管可对ＤＭＤＳ和ＣＨ３ＳＨ实现直接常温采样浓缩,样品回收率分别为１００％和６０％。ＧＣ／ＦＰＤ对二种硫化物的检出下限分别