北京市PM_(2.5)组分SO_4~(2-)浓度的时空分布及来源分析

采用观测与数值模拟相结合的方法并查阅大量文献,系统分析了北京市SO_4~(2-)时空分布、转化及来源特征,结果表明:近年来北京市SO_4~(2-)年均浓度在8.85~25.13μg/m3;2013年北京市SO_4~(2-)浓度整体呈现出重污染日>冬季>春、秋季>夏季的特征,日变化上SO_4~(2-)浓度呈现双峰型分布,空间分布上SO_4~(2-)浓度呈南北梯度分布特征;2013年北京市SOR年均值在0.36~0.44,重污染日SOR平均值在0.40~0.46;2013年北京市年均SO_4~(2-)本地、外来源、背景及边界条件分别贡献34%、57%、9%;重污染日SO_4~(2-)本地、外来源、背景及边界条件分别贡献18%、77%、5%;外来源对北京市SO_4~(2-)浓度起着更为重要的作用。     

Identification of long-range transport pathways and potential sources of PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing from 2014 to 2015

Trajectory clustering, potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) methods were applied to investigate the transport pathways and identify potential sources of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in different seasons from June 2014 to May 2015 in Beijing. The cluster analyses showed that Beijing was affected by trajectories from the south and southeast in summer and autumn. In winter and spring, Beijing was not only affected by the trajectories from the south and southeast, but was also affected by trajectories from the north and northwest. In addition, the analyses of the pressure profile of backward trajectories showed that backward trajectories, which have important influence on Beijing, were mainly distributed above 970 hPa in summer and autumn and below 950 hPa in spring and winter. This indicates that PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were strongly affected by the near surface air masses in summer and autumn and by high altitude air masses in winter and spring. Results of PSCF and CWT analyses showed that the largest potential source areas were identified in spring, followed by winter and autumn, then summer. In addition, potential source regions of PM₁₀ were similar to those of PM_2.5. There were a clear seasonal and spatial variation of the potential source areas of Beijing and the airflow in the horizontal and vertical directions. Therefore, more effective regional emission reduction measures in Beijing''s surrounding provinces should be implemented to reduce emissions of regional sources in different seasons.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere of Taizhou, a major e-waste dismantling area in China

PM2.5,total suspended particles(TSP) and gas phase samples were collected at two sites of Taizhou,a major e-waste dismantling area in China.Concentrations,seasonal variations,congener profiles,gas-particle partitioning and size distribution of the atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) were studied to assess the current state of atmospheric PCBs after the phase out of massive historical dismantling of PCBs containing e-wastes.The average 38PCBs concentration in the ambient air(TSP plus gas phase) near the e-waste dismantling area was(12,407 ± 9592) pg/m3 in winter,which was substantially lower than that found one decade ago.However,the atmospheric PCBs level near the e-waste dismantling area was 54 times of the reference urban site,indicating that the impact of the historical dismantling of PCBs containing e-wastes was still significant.Tri-Penta-CBs were dominant homologues,consisting with their dominant global production.Size distribution of particle-bound PCBs showed that higher chlorinated CBs tended to partition more to the fine particles,facilitating its long range air transportation.     

西安冬春季PM10中碳气溶胶的昼夜变化特征

为探讨西安市大气碳气溶胶的季节变化和昼夜变化特征及来源,于2006-12-19~2007-01-21(冬季)和2007-04-01~2007-04-30(春季)连续采集了大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)样品,并采用IMPROVE热光分析法分析了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的昼夜浓度.结果显示,冬季白天PM10及其中OC和EC的平均浓度分别为455.0、62.4和7.5μg/m3,夜晚的平均浓度分别为448.7、66.1和6.9μg/m3,对应春季白天的平均浓度分别为397.9、26.7和6.9μg/m3,夜晚分别为362.1、31.9和8.6μg/m3.冬季白天OC与EC的相关系数为0.44,较之春季0.81要差,主要与冬季采暖期燃料的多样性有关.碳气溶胶组分中,冬季白天和晚上二次有机碳气溶胶(SOC)的平均浓度为8.9和10.2μg/m3,远高于春季(2.8和3.4μg/m3),说明冬季较高的OC排放及较低的大气扩散能力利于碳气溶胶中SOC的生成.对碳气溶胶8种组分的因子分析结果表明,冬季燃煤排放及郊区的生物质排放对碳气溶胶有重要的贡献,而春季机动车的贡献明显增加.     

天津冬季PM2.5与PM10中有机碳、元素碳的污染特征

研究了天津冬季PM2.5和PM10中碳成分的污染特征.结果表明,天津冬季PM2.5和PM10的平均质量浓度分别为(124.4±60.9)、(224.6±131.2)μg/m3;总碳(TC)、有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)在PM2.5中的平均质量分数比在PM10中分别高出5.0%、3.6%、1.2%;PM2.5中OC、EC的相关系数较高,为0.95,表明OC、EC的来源相对简单,可能主要反应了燃煤和机动车尾气的贡献.OC/EC的平均值在PM2.5和PM10中分别为3.9、4.9.次生有机碳(SOC)在PM2.55和PM10中的平均质量浓度分别为14.9、23.4/μg/m3,分别占OC的48.5%(质量分数,下同)、49.8%,OC/EC较高可能主要与直接排放源有关;PM2.5中的OC1与OC2的比例明显高于PM10,而聚合碳(OPC)的比例又低于PM10,同时PM2.5与PM10中的EC1含量均较高,表明天津冬季燃煤取暖和机动车尾气是重要的污染源.     

PM10 and PM2.5 source apportionment in the Barcelona Metropolitan area, Catalonia, Spain

Levels of total suspended particles, PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 were continuously monitored at an urban kerbside in the Metropolitan area of Barcelona from June 1999 to June 2000. The results show that hourly levels of PM2.5 and PM1 are consistent with the daily cycle of gaseous pollutants emitted by traffic, whereas TSP and PM10 do not follow the same trend, at least in the diurnal period. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio is dependent on the traffic emissions, whereas additional contribution sources for the >10 μm fraction must be taken into account in the diurnal period. Different PM10 and PM2.5 source apportionment techniques were compared. A methodology based on the chemical determination of 83% of both PM10 and PM2.5 masses allowed us to quantify the marine (4% in PM10 and <1% in PM2.5), crustal (26% in PM10 and 8% in PM2.5) and anthropogenic (54% in PM10 and 73% in PM2.5) loads. Peaks of crustal contribution to PM10 (up to 44% of the PM10 mass) were recorded under Saharan air mass intrusions. A different seasonal trend was observed for levels of sulphate and nitrate, probably as a consequence of the different thermodynamic behaviour of these PM species and the higher summer oxidation rate of SO₂.     

2006～2012年珠三角地区空气污染变化特征及影响因素

利用粤港珠江三角洲区域空气监控网络2006~2012年监测结果,分析了珠三角地区SO2、NO2、O3和PM10浓度的年、月变化及空间分布特征,并对产生时空分布变化的原因进行了剖析.结果表明:7年来,珠三角地区SO2、NO2和PM10浓度呈下降趋势,降幅分别为61.7%、17.4%和24.3%,O3浓度呈上升趋势,增幅为12.5%,总体而言,珠三角地区空气质量呈好转趋势;湿季(4~9月)空气质量明显优于干季(10月至翌年3月),各污染物浓度的月变化均呈双峰型,SO2、NO2和PM10峰值浓度出现在12月和3月,O3峰值浓度出现在10月和5月;SO2、NO2和PM10浓度高值区主要集中在中部的广佛地区,O3浓度在外围郊区呈现高值,各部分地区的污染物浓度变化趋势不一致,中部经济核心区一次污染物浓度下降趋势更为显著.珠三角地区空气质量的变化受多方面因素的影响,经济下行和政府治理是驱动一次污染逐年好转的主要因素,而政府对VOCs排放控制相对薄弱,VOCs排放与气候变化的共同作用可能是导致二次污染(尤其是O3污染)加剧的原因.     

北京PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源研究

采用GC/MS定量分析了2003年9月至2004年7月期间北京市PM2.5中16种优控PAHs的含量.研究表明.PAHs总浓度年均值139.59ng·m-3,变化范围1.02-776.4 ng·m-3.冬季浓度最高271.05 ng·m-3,夏季最低26.10 ng·m-3,反映了主要源排放(燃煤)变化与气象条件的共同影响.全年平均不同环数PAHs所占总浓度的比例由大到小:4环>5环>6环>3环>2环;冬季4环PAHs所占比例最大(48.7%),其次为5环(32.5%)和6环PAHs(14.9%);夏季5环、6环PAHs所占比例最高(36.5%),其次为4环PAHs(24.1%).源排放特征化合物比值法和主成分分析法结果都表明,燃煤、机动车和油类挥发是多环芳烃的3类主要污染源,能够解释主成分分析法总方差的88%.     

沙尘天气监测及指标界定探讨

对2008年和2009年丹东市沙尘天气的气象观测和环境监测结果进行了分析。气象部门通过观测水平能见度及风速来确定沙尘天气及等级,但不能测定沙尘天气出入境时间、沙尘浓度及降尘量,沙尘夜间袭来还可能漏测;环保部门还没有沙尘天气分级技术标准,对PM10低于0．6mg／m^3的沙尘天气还没有指标确认。应整合气象部门和环保部门的沙尘天气监测资源,监测沙尘天气出入境时间、级别和沙尘落入量,共同发布沙尘天气预警和预报。     

新型环保道路抑尘剂在城市道路的应用研究

以北京部分城市道路扬尘为对象,研究了新型环保道路抑尘剂喷洒前后道路扬尘中PM10和PM2.5浓度的变化。结果显示,喷洒新型环保道路抑尘剂能够有效降低扬尘中PM10的浓度,对PM10的降尘效果为25%,对PM2.5也有一定的降尘效果,同时对大气中的氮氧化物有一定的吸附作用,说明该新型环保道路抑尘剂可有效抑尘,减少污染。