大同盆地复杂地形下近场大气污染物扩散模型选取研究

基于大同盆地地形和气象站数据对山区复杂地形下的近地面风场特征进行分析,发现大同盆地内特殊的地形构造所形成的气流通道对其主导风向存在明显影响.在不开展实地气象观测、仅引用周边气象站数据的条件下,CALPUFF模拟的电厂处西南、东北风向风频分别为40.5％、14.9％,AERMOD模拟的电厂处西南、东北风向风频分别为19....     

京津冀地区控制PM2.5污染的健康效益评估

基于流行病学综合研究成果,运用环境健康风险评估技术和环境价值评估方法,对京津冀地区实施并达到2012年新颁布的《空气质量标准》中细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度标准可实现的健康效益进行了评估,并对区域内各城市的健康效益进行了比较分析.结果表明,京津冀地区能够实现的健康效益总和可达到612~2560亿元/a(均值为1729亿元/a),相当于该地区2009年地方生产总值的1.66%~6.94%(均值为4.68%).其中河北省所能实现的总健康效益最大,北京、天津和石家庄这些大城市能够实现的健康改善和经济效益最为显著.本文的研究结果可望为实施PM2.5空气质量标准的成本效益分析提供科学依据,并为大气污染区域联防联控和环境质量管理与合作提供重要的政策决策参考.     

鼎湖山秋季大气细粒子及其二次无机组分的污染特征及来源

利用大气颗粒物质量浓度分析仪（TEOM）及大气细粒子快速捕集及其化学成分自动在线分析系统（RCFP-IC）于2008年10～11月在中国科学院华南植物园鼎湖山定位站进行了大气细粒子（PM2.5）及其二次无机组分（SO42-、NH 4＋和NO 3-）与相关污染气体组分的同步观测与分析,同时结合主成分分析和HYSPLIT轨...     

2008年奥运期间华北区域大气污染物本底浓度变化与分析

为了解华北区域的大气背景状况,评估污染源限排对区域空气质量的影响以及污染物输送在区域污染中的作用,在2008年奥运期间(6～11月),对华北区域兴隆大气本底监测站主要污染物NOx、SO2、O3和PM2.5进行了连续在线观测,对不同时间段的污染物的浓度水平和日变化特征进行了比较分析,结合地面气象资料和后向轨迹模式初步探讨了污染物的区域传输过程,并对区域不同站点的污染情况进行了初步比较.结果显示,2008年夏季兴隆本底站NOx、SO2、O3与PM2.5平均浓度分别为8.4、10.5、126.0和59.8μg·m-3,秋季平均浓度分别为11.7、17.2、97.5和30.7μg·m-3.奥运时段(2008-08-08～2008-08-24),兴隆NOx、SO2、O3和PM2.5平均浓度分别为6.6、6.8、100.5和33.3μg·m-3,较奥运时段前后平均浓度分别降低了29.0%、46.9%、18.6%和36.5%,与2007年奥运时段同期观测结果相比,NOx浓度下降了62.5%,PM2.5浓度下降了29.0%,奥运时段华北区域空气质量明显改善.在污染物限排之前,兴隆主要污染物的日变化形势都是夜间浓度低,白天浓度不断升高,在傍晚17:00～20:00之间达到峰值,显示了污染物区域输送在兴隆的累积,而污染源排放控制期间污染物白天的积累过程明显减弱,区域输送的污染物含量降低,这些结果表明北京及周边地区污染源的联合控制取得了明显效果.兴隆夏秋季节主要受偏南方向的季风影响,在此方向上对应的污染物浓度值最高,偏南方向上的区域污染输送对兴隆影响较大.将京津冀区域不同站点间的污染物浓度进行比较分析发现,华北区域夏秋季NOx和SO2污染较轻,O3污染不容乐观,PM2.5污染严重,需要引起足够重视.     

Improved source assessment of Si, Al and related mineral components to PM10 based on a daily sampling procedure

Samples obtained from an industrialized valley in the East Alpine region were collected daily for a half year and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence to examine the elements Si,Al,Fe,Ca,Mg,Na,K,Zn,P,S and Cl.Some factors affecting the changes of these elements were considered,including time,elemental correlations,weekday,weekend and seasonal changes.Diagnostic analysis provided an insight into a decoupling behavior that occursin siliceous and carbonates minerals.A decrease in Si and Al and an increase in carbonates,Na,K,Zn and P were observed during the cold season.However,a consistently high correlation of Si and Al was observed in all seasons.It was established that such high levels originated from street surface abrasion.The increase in variability and absolute levels of carbonates during the cold season was demonstrated by adding carbonates to the street surface as gritting material to increase the grip on snowy surfaces.A marked increase in Na and Cl was observed in winter which may have been caused by thaw salt that is widely used in winter in Austria.This was associated with a significant increase in K,Zn,and P in the cold season that was the result of domestic space heating with wood.PM10 levels in December were 12 μg/m3 and were higher than levels detected in July.It was established that such high levels originated from mineral oxides,wood smoke,and inorganic ionic material(s).     

室内空气PM_(2.5)污染的国内研究现状及综合防控措施

良好的室内空气质量是健康人居的必要条件。PM2.5是影响日常室内空气质量的主要因素。中国室内PM2.5污染程度较重,其主要的污染来源有:吸烟、生活燃料燃烧、烹饪和清扫等室内活动以及室外大气颗粒物的渗透作用等。同时,文章就如何减轻室内空气的PM2.5污染提出多方面的综合防控措施。     

南京大气PM2.5中碳组分观测分析

为了解南京地区大气细颗粒物及化学成分在灰霾期间的污染水平及可能来源,于2007年6月至2008年5月,采集PM2.5样品,并测定了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的含量.并考察了有机碳和元素碳的季节变化特征,比较分析了南京地区灰霾与非灰霾期间含碳气溶胶的污染特征.结果显示,南京大气中PM2.5、OC和EC浓度变化范围分别是12.1~287.1,2.6~47.0和1.0~33.6mg/m3,其中夏季PM2.5(109.6mg/m3)和OC(20.8mg/m3)的值在四个季度中最高,呈现出夏季>秋季>冬季>春季的季节变化特征;EC则具有秋季>春季>冬季>夏季的季节变化特征. 霾日的OC、EC、总碳含量(TC)浓度及OC与EC比值分别是非霾日的2.0、1.8、1.9和1.7倍.后向轨迹分析表明,在有利的天气背景下,具有丰富水汽和污染物的混合气团最易使南京产生霾天气.     

FT-ICR mass spectrometry for molecular characterization of water-insoluble organic compounds in winter atmospheric fine particulate matters

Water-insoluble organic compounds（WIOCs） are an important fraction of atmospheric fine particulate matters(PM_2.5), which could affect the climate system and threaten human health potentially. In this study, molecular characterization of WIOCs in PM_2.5 were investigated by 15 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry（FT-ICR MS） with atmospheric pressure photoionization（APPI） source in positive ion mode. A total of 2573 and1875 molecular formulas were iden...     

Regulated emission characteristics of in-use LNG and diesel semi-trailer towing vehicles under real driving conditions using PEMS

On-road driving emissions of six liquefied natural gas(LNG) and diesel semi-trailer towing vehicles(STTVs) which met China Emission Standard IV and V were tested using Portable Emission Measurement System(PEMS) in northern China.Emission characteristics of these vehicles under real driving conditions were analyzed and proved that on-road emissions of heavy-duty vehicles(HDVs) were underestimated in the past.There were large differences among LNG and diesel vehicles, which also existed between China V vehicles and China IV vehicles.Emission factors showed the highest level under real driving conditions, which probably be caused by frequent acceleration, deceleration, and start-stop.NOx emission factors ranged from 2.855 to 20.939 g/km based on distance-traveled and 6.719–90.557 g/kg based on fuel consumption during whole tests, which were much higher than previous researches on chassis dynamometer.It was inferred from tests that the fuel consumption rate of the test vehicles had a strong correlation with NOx emission, and the exhaust temperature also affected the efficiency of Selected Catalytic Reduction(SCR) aftertreatment system, thus changing the NOx emission greatly.THC emission factors of LNG vehicles were 2.012–10.636 g/km, which were much higher than that of diesel vehicles(0.029–0.185 g/km).Unburned CH_4 may be an important reason for this phenomenon.Further on-road emission tests, especially CH_4 emission test should be carried out in subsequent research.In addition, the Particulate Number(PN) emission factors of diesel vehicles were at a very high level during whole tests, and Diesel Particulate Filter(DPF)should be installed to reduce PN emission.     

城市内部尺度PM2.5传输关联方法研究—以北京市为例

基于数据驱动思想,以城市内部环境空气质量监测站点为研究对象,建立了目标站点与周边站点间PM_2.5浓度、风向、风速、欧几里得距离等参数的多元线性关联回归模型,使用梯度下降算法学习得到各参数权重系数,计算得出周边站点对目标站点PM_2.5传输贡献,并评估了模型的可行性.以北京市丰台花园（FT）为目标站点的应用研究结果显示,2016年FT站点PM_2.5浓度为82μg/m³,周边站点大兴（DX）、房山（FS）、亦庄（YZ）、东四环（DS）、古城（GC）和万柳（WL）浓度分别为93,82,80,79,77,71μg/m³;FT站点PM_2.5浓度与上一时刻周边站点WL、GC、DX、YZ的相关性分别为0.634、0.631、0.608和0.601,显示其对FT站点PM_2.5污染传输显著;建立的4个季节关联回归模型RMSE值分别为13.22、11.74、12.51和13.22,PM_2.5模拟浓度与监测浓度变化趋势一致,验证了模型的可行性;WL、DX、YZ、GC分别是对应春、夏、秋、冬4个季节对FT站点PM_2.5污染传输贡献较大的站点,其贡献值分别为1.61%、1.71%、2.20%和8.57%.该模型解析的结果可为北京市未来城市规划、建设提供依据,提出的PM_2.5传输多元线性关联回归方法同样可用来解析其他城市内部尺度PM_2.5传输关联,为挖掘城市内部PM_2.5传输路径、精准溯源提供基础.