成都市国Ⅲ柴油车PM_(2.5)表面形貌与碳质组分研究

柴油车排放的细颗粒物是机动车PM2.5的主要来源,其组成复杂,对人体健康有较大危害。为研究成都地区国Ⅲ柴油车的PM2.5排放特征和碳质组分特征,采用便携式车载测试装置对成都地区重型柴油车(HD)、中型柴油车(MD)和轻型柴油车(LD)进行了尾气PM2.5采样,研究了PM2.5排放因子、表面形貌及碳质组分。结果表明:1)HD、MD和LD的PM2.5排放因子分别为0.12,0.04,0.03 g/km;2)颗粒物表面都深褐色或黑色,粒径主要分布在100~300 nm之间,以积聚模态为主;3)碳质组分是柴油车颗粒物的主要成分,其质量分数在68%~75%之间,HD、MD和LD的PM2.5中OC/EC分别为2.93、2.88和3.10,OC的主要成成分为OC1,EC的主要成分为EC1。     

城市轨道交通环控系统颗粒物浓度相关性分析

城市轨道交通系统在为人们提供了许多便利的同时出现了很多颗粒物方面的问题。对上海市、南京市轨道交通不同系统颗粒物质量浓度进行了实测分析,结果表明:不同系统站台和车厢PM_(10)(PM_(2.5))之间有很大的相关性(相关系数|r|=0.909~0.993);同一时段地铁系统站台(|r|=0.871~0.894)和轻轨系统站台(|r|=0.829)的PM_(2.5)与PM_(2.5-10)之间分别有很大的相关性,两种颗粒物有同一来源;不同系统车厢内PM_(2.5)与PM_(2.5-10)的相关性均较好(|r|=0.932~0.992),粗细颗粒物有共同的来源。     

沈阳市冬季一次典型大气污染过程特征和成因分析

2013年11月18日~25日沈阳地区出现一次典型空气污染过程。采用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS),并结合气象条件分析了该次污染的成因和细颗粒物的污染特征。结果表明,不利于污染物扩散的气象条件是重污染发生的主要原因,低空排放的积累可能是造成这次污染的又一重要原因。从细颗粒物成分上看,污染过程中有机碳颗粒占比明显增加,有机物污染较为严重,颗粒物间混合加剧;从来源上看,机动车尾气、工业排放和燃煤的占比较高。     

基于GIS和BP神经网络模型的PM10浓度预测与空间分布研究

耦合GIS和BP神经网络模型,探讨不同算法和隐藏神经元数对PM10浓度预测和空间分布的影响,结果显示:不同算法的PM10浓度预测值与监测值的平均相关系数和平均相对误差分别为0.85和17.58％,Levenberg-Marquardt优化算法在隐藏神经元数为20时预测精度最高.相同算法,不同隐藏层神经元数对PM10浓度的预测结果影响较大,不同算法,相同神经元数对PM10浓度的预测结果影响较小.不同算法的PM10浓度空间分布模拟在中北部的高风险区和东南部的低风险区与监测数据结果基本一致.     

空气净化器净化燃香源PM_(2.5)的性能与效果评价

"史上最严"的控烟条例《北京市控制吸烟条例》正式实施,现行空气净化器性能测试中以香烟烟雾作为颗粒物污染源的标准受到挑战;加之燃香源颗粒物净化手段少有讨论。故以室内燃香替代香烟作为PM2.5的污染源,在环境实验舱内通过对市售净化器性能指标CADR进行测试,证明燃香可产生持续且稳定的颗粒物,可以替代香烟作为颗粒物污染源。燃香全程净化效果试验表明:在一根燃香的过程中时,开启净化器可保持采样点全程优质的空气质量;使用两根燃香时,采样点高度差异可导致明显的浓度差异,建议使用中考虑净化器摆放高度。     

苏南农村地区大气PM2.5元素组成特征及其来源分析

为了解苏南农村地区大气细颗粒物的污染水平及其可能的来源,在2002年7月-2003年1月的夏、秋、冬3个季节对雪堰镇和太湖站PM_2.5进行采样和分析,得到了PM_2.5和14种组成元素的质量浓度.研究表明,苏南农村地区PM_2.5的污染水平较高,S,Zn,Pb和As 4种污染元素的质量浓度水平与城市接近;组成元素的季节分布规律存在区域差异,这可能与局地源的贡献,大气细颗粒物中、长距离传输以及复杂的气象条件有关.因子分析结果表明,土壤源、燃煤源、冶金或垃圾焚烧和汽车尾气4类源对PM_2.5有明显贡献,说明人类活动对苏南农村地区PM_2.5具有重要影响.      

Price perceptions in water demand

Economists advocate for using the price mechanism to manage water scarcity, but complex nonlinear rate structures prevalent in markets for municipal water obscure price signals. We conduct a randomized field experiment that jointly elicits knowledge about the cost of water and examines the impact of improved information on demand by linking a survey to water billing records. Half of our sample of 30,000 single family homeowners are randomly sent an invitation to a survey that asks questions about the water bill and the costs of water-use activities (e.g. the cost of taking a shower), and subsequently provides personalized accurate information. Results show that consumers have poor information about the marginal price of water and overestimate the costs of using water. Respondents are relatively better informed about their total bill and water consumption. In aggregate, respondents increase water use in response to the survey, potentially due to learning that water is cheaper than they previously thought. Increased consumption is concentrated among low users who are more likely to over-estimate the costs of using water.     

Using discrete choice experiments to assess the preferences of new mining workforce to commute or relocate to the Surat Basin in Australia

Two choice modelling experiments have been used to examine how residents of a major urban centre would consider commuting or relocation options if they were to consider taking up employment in a rapidly growing resource region. The case study area focused on the Surat Basin in southern Queensland where recent increases in mining activity involve both coal mining and coal seam gas extraction. The preferences of residents of Brisbane, the state capital and closest major centre to the Surat Basin, were assessed in the experiment. The results identified increased salary as the most important factor, but respondents were also concerned about potentially offsetting influences such as high living costs and accommodation affordability/availability. Respondents indicated that the additional salary needed to take up employment in the Surat Basin was substantially higher for relocation options than for FIFO options.     

PPS水刺毡滤料控制PM2.5的性能研究

通过对PPS水刺毡与传统的PPS针刺毡各项性能的对比研究,结果表明PPS水刺毡不仅在机械性能上较PPS针刺毡有明显的优势,更在过滤性能上体现出高效、低阻、长寿命的特性。     

龙岩市PMl0污染受山谷风出现频率的影响分析

利用福建省龙岩市2006—2009年PM10的监测数据和龙岩市地区山谷风各风向的统计数据,进行了单因素方差分析、一元线性相关分析等统计分析,结果表明龙岩市区PM10浓度与N风向、NW风向、NNW风向的出现频率之间有较密切的关系。这些风向的出现会导致污染物堆积在谷底范围之内,阻碍了PM10污染物向谷外的扩散,使得处于谷底的龙岩市大气中的PMl0浓度不断增加。