湍流模型对预测街道峡谷污染物扩散的影响

文章选取标准k-ε湍流模型、RNGk-ε湍流模型、realizablek-ε湍流模型和单方程Spalart-Allmaras涡黏系数模型对街道峡谷附近的流动和汽车尾气污染物扩散进行了模拟,并与风洞试验值进行了比较,结果表明,4种模型对街谷壁面的浓度预测在趋势上与试验值基本一致,Spalart-Allmaras模型的预测效果最好,realizablek-ε模型预测最差,而标准k-ε模型和RNGk-ε模型的预测介于其间;RNGk-ε模型和realizablek-ε模型的修正作用在预测建筑物尖角和顶部附近的流动处有所体现,但对街谷内浓度分布的预测仍不如标准k-ε模型;本文从流场分布的特点对4种模型的浓度预测差别进行了解释,证明了壁面浓度与其附近的速度和湍流黏性系数的分布相对应。     

污泥固化/稳定化技术现场试验研究

固化/稳定化技术能够解决污泥处理处置中的难题,是一种高效、经济的污泥处理处置技术。但是目前对于固化/稳定化处理设备以及运行工艺方面缺少研究,对现场处理后的效果也缺少相应的评价。结合苏州甪直污水处理厂污泥固化/稳定化处理现场中试试验的需要,研制了一套污泥固化/稳定化处理设备,采用自主研发的固化/稳定化材料开展了污泥固化/稳定化处理的现场试验。现场研究的结果表明,所研制的设备及工艺能够满足污泥固化/稳定化处理的要求,处理后的污泥能够进入填埋场进行安全填埋。     

稻田水体可溶性有机碳与可溶性氮对大气CO2浓度增高的响应

为了增强对全球变化背景下湿地生态系统碳氮循环的整体认识,采用稻田FACE(Free Air CO2Enrichment)试验(位于江苏省江都市,始于2004年)方法,研究了2006年位于江都市的稻田水体中总有机碳、总氮、可溶性有机碳、可溶性氮的动态变化.结果表明:大气CO2浓度升高显著提高了稻田水体中以上各指标含量(p<0.01),其中各有机碳的增幅均大于相应的氮.与对照相比,FACE田块水体中总有机碳、总氮、可溶性有机碳和可溶性氮分别平均提高了31.2%、25.9%、28.3%和25.6%.不同生育时期各指标含量存在显著差异(p<0.01).上述结果还表明,大气CO2浓度增高不仅会通过富营养化稻田水体来影响水稻安全生产,而且还会提高其中可溶性碳氮含量,进而可能通过田间排水尤其是水稻生长前期暴雨导致的洪涝来增加稻田碳氮向周边水域的输送,从而影响到稻田生态系统的碳氮循环和土壤生产力.     

Removal of metals by sorghum plants from contaminated land

The growth of high biomass crops facilitated by optimal of agronomic practices has been considered as an alternative to phytoremediation of soils contaminated by heavy metals. A field trial was carried out to evaluate the phytoextraction efficiency of heavy metals by three varieties of sweet sorghum (Sorghum biocolor L.), a high biomass energy plant. Ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA), ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) and ammonium sulphate ((NH₄)₂SO₄) were tested for their abilities to enhance the removal of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu by sweet sorghum from a contaminated agricultural soil. Sorghum plants always achieved the greatest removal of Pb by leaves and the greatest removal of Cd, Zn and Cu by stems. There was no significant difference among the Keller, Rio and Mray varieties of sweet sorghums in accumulating heavy metals. EDTA treatment was more efficient than ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate in promoting Pb accumulation in sweet sorghum from the contaminated agricultural soil. The application of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate increased the accumulation of both Zn and Cd in roots of sorghum plants. Results from this study suggest that cropping of sorghum plants facilitated by agronomic practices may be a sustainable technique for partial decontamination of heavy metal contaminated soils.     

郑州大气PM10的形貌特征及生物活性研究

采集郑州市区和郊区秋季大气PM₁₀样品,利用场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）和图像分析技术对PM₁₀颗粒进行形貌特征和粒度分布进行分析,同时应用质粒DNA评价法研究了市区和郊区PM₁₀样品的生物活性.结果显示,在市区采集的样品中燃煤飞灰占有相当大的数量,而在郊区采集的样品中矿物质占有较大的数量,粒径分析表明,市区PM₁₀的数量-等效球直径分布较为集中,主要分布在0.1～0.4 μm范围内,郊区则相对比较分散;PM₁₀的体积-等效球直径主要分布在>1 μm范围内.结果表明,在郑州市秋季大气PM₁₀中,数量上细粒子占优势, 而在体积上(质量上)较粗颗粒占优势.质粒DNA评价结果表明,郑州市区和郊区PM₁₀颗粒对DNA的损伤程度不同,市区样品的生物活性大于郊区样品.     

基于构造应变对隧道初始地应力场的反演分析

岩体中的初始地应力场是岩体稳定性与工程运营必须考虑的重要因素。以东营子隧道工程为例,以隧址区构造应变作为待求解的约束条件,结合工程地质条件和实测地应力资料,运用有限元软件对隧址区地应力场进行了回归反演分析。结果表明:基于区域构造应变获得的隧址区初始应力场克服了边界条件对地应力场的影响,更加准确地反映了隧址区地应力场的分布规律,可为隧道围岩稳定性分析提供准确的位移边界条件。     

装备快速封存技术中的传感器配置研究

以某型封存装甲装备为例,利用计算流体力学(CFD)技术,对封装装甲装备动态除湿过程中的装备内部温湿度场分布情况进行了仿真研究,结合装备封存技术的特殊要求提出了封存装备状态检测中传感器配置的原则和方法,并给出了装备快速封装技术中传感器配置的操作方法,实验表明该方法具有很强的操作性,为进一步深入研究快速封装技术奠定了基础.     

移动通信基站后向电磁场分布规律研究

采用实地监测的方法,对成都市肿瘤医院、双流小坝村、商汇大厦、成渝收费站及农机研究院5个基站天线后向场进行测试,分析研究其后向场的分布规律。研究结果表明,基站产生的电磁辐射功率密度与天线的距离呈反比;基站后向场电磁辐射安全防护距离为0．5m,大于此距离的区域,基站产生的电磁辐射功率密度小于《电磁辐射防护规定》及《电磁辐射监测仪器和方法》规定的0．08W／m^2的公众限值。     

How does agricultural intensification modulate changes in plant community composition?

Agricultural intensification, at local and landscape scales, has caused a decrease in plant diversity and changes in species composition in cereal fields. To better understand the role of landscape complexity and farming systems in shaping plant assemblages, it is of interest to focus on functional traits rather than on floristic composition, which may help to highlight trends in vegetation patterns. We analysed the relative abundance of various functional attributes (different life forms, growth forms, wind-pollinated species and wind-dispersed species) at three contrasted field positions (boundary, edge and centre) of 29 organic and 29 conventional cereal fields distributed in 15 agrarian localities of NE Spain. Agricultural intensification affected the biological attributes of the vegetation in dryland Mediterranean cereal fields; local factors (farming system and position) had a more prominent role in affecting plant functional composition than the surrounding landscape. Local factors were important for life form distribution, growth form and pollination type, whereas landscape complexity mainly affected the proportion of wind-dispersed species. Therefore, depending on the objective of the study, it is important to select functional attributes sensitive to the different scales of agricultural intensification, especially because landscape complexity and land-use intensity are commonly related.     

铬污染土壤电阻率特性及其影响因素研究

为了研究电阻率法用于土壤环境监测的可行性,本文采用SoilMillerBox法进行铬污染土壤的电阻率影响因素实验,依据实验数据建立了污染土壤电阻率与三因素（铬污染物含量、含水率、土壤孔隙比）之间的关系模型,并于模拟污染场地中利用电阻率层析成像法对其进行验证.结果表明,根据三因素正交实验得到影响污染土壤电阻率变化的主次因...