基于稳态与非稳态的喷吹管内流场的对比研究

针对等孔径喷吹管,利用CFD软件对其内流场进行数值模拟,得到不同入口流量条件下的流场分布特性。对喷吹管进行非稳态流场模拟,并与稳态模拟结果分析比较,模拟结果误差控制在1%以内,验证了将喷吹管非稳态内流场简化为稳态流场分析具有一定的可行性。沿着喷吹管气流流动方向,喷嘴出口流量分布不均匀,整体有增大的趋势;沿喷吹管轴向气流渐趋均匀,即越靠近端面,喷吹偏心角越小,甚至为0。     

水稻田非点源污染原位试验研究

为了研究野外水稻田的非点源污染,本试验采取一种新的原位观测方法:即在不改变水稻田原有出流特征前提下,在水稻生长季采集田面水水位和降雨信息,通过水位变化曲线计算水稻田每日的蒸散发和渗漏损失量,再根据水量平衡关系计算径流量.观测期间定期采集田面水测定总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)浓度,根据径流量和浓度估算非点源污染流出负荷量.试验选取北京市海淀区上庄镇某村水稻田试验田块,通过1年的试验观测得到在生长季内的37场降雨中共有9场降雨产生了出流.另外,还有2次人工排水和1次农田回归流形成了非点源污染.经计算试验区水稻田每个生长季TN输出系数为8.8 kg·hm-2,TP输出系数为0.47 kg·hm-2.该观测方法针对具有多出水口且最低田埂高度动态变化的野外水稻田的非点源污染观测具有较强的可操作性.     

废弃物施加对福州平原稻田土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响

为了阐明废弃物施加对稻田土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响,以福州平原稻田为研究对象,对对照、石膏、贝壳、生物炭和炉渣5种处理样地0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm土层土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性,包括0.25 mm团聚体含量(DR0.25)、平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(D)进行了测定和分析.结果表明,与对照样地相比,石膏、贝壳、生物炭和炉渣施加后均增加了土壤团聚体DR0.25、MWD和GMD值,其中,石膏施加后土壤团聚体DR0.25、MWD和GMD值分别增加了12.76%、12.13%和12.17%,贝壳施加后分别增加了32.65%、31.83%和33.86%,生物炭施加后分别增加了12.07%、9.32%和11.70%,炉渣施加后分别增加了19.70%、13.59%和18.10%,但与对照样地相比,石膏、贝壳、生物炭和炉渣施加后土壤团聚体分形维数均表现为减小的趋势,分别减小了4.02%、11.65%、4.37%、9.29%.从土壤团聚体DR0.25、MWD、GMD值和分形维数的变化特征来看,石膏、贝壳、生物炭和炉渣施加均提高了土壤团聚体的稳定性.     

Integrating Temporal Inequality into Conservation Planning to Improve Practice Design and Efficacy

In contrast to spatial inequality, there are currently no methods for leveraging information on temporal inequality to improve conservation efficacy. The objective of this study was to use Lorenz curves to quantify temporal inequality in surface runoff and tile drainage, identify controls on nutrient loading in these flowpaths, and develop design flows for structural conservation practices. Surface runoff (n = 94 site‐years) and tile drainage (n = 90 site‐years) were monitored on 40 fields in Ohio. Results showed, on average, 80% of nitrate‐nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus (P), and total P loads occurred between 7 and 12 days per year in surface runoff and between 32 and 58 days per year in tile drainage. Similar temporal inequality between discharge and load provided evidence that loading was transport‐limited and highlighted the critical role hydrologic connectivity plays in nutrient delivery from tile‐drained fields. Design flow criterion for sizing structural practices based on load reduction goals was developed by combining Lorenz curves and flow duration curves. Comparing temporal inequality between fields and the Maumee River, the largest tributary to the western Lake Erie Basin, revealed challenges associated with achieving watershed load reduction goals with field‐scale conservation. In‐field (i.e., improved nutrient and water management), edge‐of‐field (i.e., structural practices), and instream practices will all be required to meet nutrient reduction goals from tile‐drained watersheds.     

A hybrid fuel cell for water purification and simultaneously electricity generation

● A novel hybrid fuel cell (F-HFC) was fabricated. ● Pollutant degradation and synchronous electricity generation occurred in F-HFC. ● BiOCl-NH₄PTA photocatalyst greatly improved electron transfer and charge separation. ● Pollutant could act as substrate directly in ambient conditions without pretreatment. ● The mechanism of the F-HFC was proposed and elucidated. The development of highly efficient energy conversion technologies to extract energy from wastewater is urgently needed, especially in facing of increasing energy and environment burdens. Here, we successfully fabricated a novel hybrid fuel cell with BiOCl-NH₄PTA as photocatalyst. The polyoxometalate (NH₄PTA) act as the acceptor of photoelectrons and could retard the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, which lead to superior photocatalytic degradation. By utilizing BiOCl-NH₄PTA as photocatalysts and Pt/C air-cathode, we successfully constructed an electron and mass transfer enhanced photocatalytic hybrid fuel cell with flow-through field (F-HFC). In this novel fuel cell, dyes and biomass could be directly degraded and stable power output could be obtained. About 87 % of dyes could be degraded in 30 min irradiation and nearly 100 % removed within 90 min. The current density could reach up to ~267.1 μA/cm²; with maximum power density (P_max) of ~16.2 μW/cm² with Rhodamine B as organic pollutant in F-HFC. The power densities were 9.0 μW/cm², 12.2 μW/cm², and 13.9 μW/cm² when using methyl orange (MO), glucose and starch as substrates, respectively. This hybrid fuel cell with BiOCl-NH₄PTA composite fulfills the purpose of decontamination of aqueous organic pollutants and synchronous electricity generation. Moreover, the novel design cell with separated photodegradation unit and the electricity generation unit could bring potential practical application in water purification and energy recovery from wastewater.     

气田水回注风险防控对策研究

气田开采的同时将产生大量的气田水,气田水具有成分复杂、矿化度高、氯化物含量高的特点,不能直接排放。目前很多气田采用回注的方式处理气田水,存在注入水外泄,污染地下水、地表水和土壤的潜在风险。根据川西北气矿气田水的水质特点,结合气田水处理现状,对气田水回注过程的环境风险及风险防控措施进行分析。以龙7井的跟踪监测为例,阐明气田水回注监控的预警功效,降低了回注过程中的环境风险。     

基于数值风场的高层建筑对临近低层建筑群影响分析

针对高层建筑对低层建筑的风压、风速分布的影响问题,选用标准k-ε湍流模型,应用CFD数值方法模拟高层建筑影响下的低层建筑群的风场,侧重模拟分析了高层建筑的位置布局改变对低层建筑群风速及风压场的影响。分析结果表明:高层建筑对临近低层建筑群风场的影响显著,高层建筑的位置对低层建筑群风环境的影响较大。     

对汶川地震小鱼洞地表破裂带的调查分析

2008年5月12日的汶川8.0级地震使龙门山断裂带形成了3条同震地表破裂带,这表明有多条活动断层同时参与地震破裂,其过程复杂,现象丰富。本文对小鱼洞地表破裂带及其与另2条地表破裂带的交汇区域进行了野外调查,并对小鱼洞地表破裂带的活动性质和展布特征进行了分析。小鱼洞地表破裂带位于彭州市小鱼洞镇附近,是汶川8.0级地震形成的一条走向NW的逆冲并具有左旋走滑分量的同震地表变形带。调查结果显示,小鱼洞地表破裂带表现出明显的分段性特征:小鱼洞镇一带的中段,逆冲量和走滑量最大;小鱼洞镇向东南方向延伸的南段,逆冲量和走滑量逐渐变小;小鱼洞镇向西北方向进入山区的北段,则表现为以逆冲为主的活动性质。     

煤矿井下电磁环境测试方法研究

为了分析煤矿井下电磁环境对矿用电子设备工作安全性的影响,研究井下电磁辐射现场测试方法。测试结果表明:煤矿井下电磁环境具有区域性,典型设备是其电磁特性的主要影响因素。架线电机车产生的电磁噪声覆盖的频段较宽,对井底车场电磁环境影响很大。矿用漏泄通信系统对井下电磁环境会产生一定的影响,变压器是井下变电所电磁环境的主要骚扰源。研究结果表明井下电磁环境现场测试方法具有一定的适用性,有助于确定井下电磁环境的严酷等级,为电子设备的抗干扰措施提供理论依据。     

独头巷道受限贴附射流特征参数对流场的影响研究

根据独头巷道受限贴附射流规律,基于独头巷道受限贴附射流特征参数计算,分析风筒出口直径与流场的关系、风筒出口风速与射流轴心速度变化的关系等,得出独头巷道受限贴附射流特征参数对流场有影响较大,各项特征参数与流场关系的研究使得对独头巷道的通风环境监控更加有利。从而达到改善此类工况的作业环境并提高此类工况的安全系数。