三峡库区水环境风险评估与预警平台总体设计与应用

为保障三峡库区水环境安全,提高环保部门的环境预警和应急科学处置能力,根据“平战结合”的平台建设思路,提出了基于面向服务(SOA)可扩展的架构、Webservice数据服务调用模式和模块化功能的平台构建技术,集成了地方环保业务系统的成果,设计和实施了一个体系、一张网、一张图、一张表、一个流程的“五个一”平台工程,研发了集污染源风险识别、环境预警监控、模拟预测、应急评估处置和信息发布5项功能为一体的三峡水环境风险评估与预警平台,并在重庆市环保部门实现了业务化运行应用. 平台研究成果可支撑应急管理和日常管理,并在一系列突发性事件中得到业务应用验证和应用,环境应急响应时间从1~2 h缩短至10~20 min,应急处置时间从原来的1~2 d缩短至1~2 h,显著提高了三峡库区水环境风险评估、预警和防范能力.      

铁碳微电解处理染料污水的影响因素筛选与优化

为提高铁碳微电解处理染料废水中COD_Cr去除率,将Plackett-Burman和Box-Behnken试验设计方法相结合应用于废水处理条件的筛选与优化. Plackett-Burman设计试验结果表明:铁碳比(体积比)、反应时间和曝气量是影响铁碳微电解处理染料废水COD_Cr去除率的3个关键性因素. Box-Behnken试验设计方法和三维响应面分析表明,铁碳微电解处理染料废水对COD_Cr去除率的最优化操作条件是铁碳比为3∶2、反应时间为120 min、曝气量为40 L/min. 在该优化条件下,当ρ(COD_Cr)在1 000~10 000 mg/L之间变化时,COD_Cr去除率的试验结果均落在模型预测结果的95%置信区间(75.5%~83.3%)内,说明模型能对铁碳微电解处理结果进行良好的预测,因此具有一定的可信度.      

空空导弹电源模拟负载设计与热仿真分析

目的筛选得到最优模拟负载设计方案。方法首先对采用功率电阻实现的电源模拟负载结构进行功率和阻值关系计算,通过计算确定两套功率电阻阻值方案,然后根据空空导弹电源考核要求设计了电源模拟负载,对满足功率要求的两套阻值方案进行热仿真分析,对比选取最优的阻值方案。结果对基于所选方案制作的模拟负载进行了热试验评估,热仿真结果与热试验结果对比偏差最大为2℃。结论数据分析表明,热仿真所选模拟负载设计方案合理可行。     

关于工业类建设项目设计阶段环境监理的探讨

工业类项目因其自身特点而成为环境监理的重点,环境监理工作主要分为设计阶段、施工阶段和试生产阶段,鉴于项目设计阶段在工业类环境监理工作中的重要作用,论述了工业类项目设计阶段环境监理的依据和要点.通过环境监理单位在实际项目设计阶段环境监理过程中发现和解决问题的案例,对工业类项目设计阶段的环境监理工作的作用进行了分析和总结.同时,对小型项目单独开展设计阶段环境监理以及环境监理工作的及早介入等提出了展望.     

江苏省危险废物动态管理信息系统应用及优化设计研究

为进一步加大危险废物监管力度,江苏省实施了危险废物市内转移网上报告试点工作,开发了危险废物动态管理信息系统软件,利用信息技术加强环境监管,简化审批环节,实现线上线下一体化管理.通过分析危险废物动态管理信息系统的主要结构和应用,阐述申报登记、经营台账、查询统计、信息预警、网上转移、日常监督等模块内容,针对系统在危险废物转移实时监控方面的不足之处,提出了开发电子联单的二维码标签和系统的手机操作软件,并共享交通部门GPS监控数据的优化建议.优化后的系统有助于降低危险废物转移过程中的环境风险,真正实现危险废物的全过程安全监控与管理.     

居住建筑节能设计中的问题与优化策略研究

今天,全球能源在日益减少,人们生活提高又需要增加居住面积,这势必造成能源的消耗.因此,建筑节能已经成为全球范围内都非常关注的一项问题.为了提高居住建筑节能,结合实际需要,针对居住建筑节能的必要性的设计要求展开阐述,同时从规划节能设计、单体节能设计以及节能构造设计这三个不同的角度来着手分析,以期能够在有限的条件下将居住建筑的环保性、功能性以及艺术性更加完美的结合到一起,促进低成本、高效率的节能型居住建筑建设目标早日实现.     

Inherently Safer Design for low-temperature process during depressurization: An industrial case study

The exploitation of a low-quality gas field with high CO₂ concentration is more viable through liquid CO₂ produced from cryogenic distillation technology. Despite the bright potential of the technology, there are deficiencies in handling high concentration of CO₂ at low temperature and high pressure during the blowdown condition. This study focuses on the CO₂ blowdown at a cryogenic pilot plant designed to manage high concentrations of CO₂ in the feed gas, high pressures, and low temperatures. A comprehensive design review and risk assessment using Inherent Safer Design (ISD) indexes were carried out in this study. The ISD was performed to identify the current risk level, and the critical parameters that may cause solid CO₂ formation in the piping or equipment as well as to identify mitigation measures to avoid the temperature to drop below the CO₂ freezing point during blowdown. The present findings confirmed that the initial pressure and temperature, as well as CO₂ concentration are key parameters towards significant impact on blowdown conditions. Therefore, the reduction of the feed gas pressure from 80 bar to 70 bars has minimized the Joule Thomson (JT) effect during blowdown and avoided the CO₂ solid formation in the system. Moreover, the relocation of the blowdown valve at the downstream heater resulted in a higher final temperature above the CO₂ freezing point. The ISD indexes confirmed that the cryogenic facilities are inherently safer during blowdown with the mitigation measures adopted.     

Eco-design improvement for the diaphragm forming process

This paper proposes an eco-design method to suggest improvements over an existing diaphragm forming process (DFP). In the proposed method, a systematic procedure is developed to provide eco-design guidance to engineers, and it includes four steps. In Step 1, design functions are analysed through functional diagrams to provide the information of sub-functions and functional flows. In Step 2, the eco-design requirements are captured via quality functional deployment (QFD) and then translated to design functions via functional analysis (FA). Then, the design functions are prioritized according to the eco-design requirements in considerations. In Step 3, the prioritized design functions are used to generate possible design concepts through the morphological chart. In Step 4, the generated concepts are assessed based on the energy use and process time of DFP. The utility of the proposed method is to adapt quality tools for continual improvements in the context of eco-design. An existing DFP is used for this work to demonstrate and validate the method’s applicability. The result of this research shows that the integration of QFD and FA can systematically guide the generation of new eco-design concepts for DFP with less dependence of design intuitions.     

A simulator study of driving behavior and mental workload in mixed-use arterial road environments

Objectives: Mixed-use urban environments, such as arterial roads with adjacent commercial land uses, represent crash locations with the highest risk. These locations are often characterized by high volumes of motor vehicle traffic, on-street parking, and interactions with multiple road user groups such as pedestrians, cyclists, and public transportation. The objective of this study was to investigate previously identified crash risk factors for mixed-use urban environments and assess how parking occupancy, center medians, and cyclist volume influence performance and workload in a driving simulator study.

Methods: Thirty participants were recruited for the study. Participants completed 6 drives that presented different combinations of cyclist volume, median condition, and parking occupancy. Incorporated into the simulator drives was a secondary peripheral detection task (PDT) designed to measure mental workload. Participants provided subjective assessments of workload using the Rating Scale Mental Effort (RSME).

Results: Mean lateral lane position was found to significantly vary across the 3 independent variables of parking occupancy, cyclist volume, and median conditions. No significant changes were identified for mean speed across the conditions. Subjective and objective measures of workload identified changes due to the presence of cyclists with slower reaction times for the PDT task when cyclists were present.

Conclusion: The findings provide insight into the interaction of road design elements in mixed-use urban road environments and demonstrate that increasingly complex environments increase driver demand. This has important road design implications for mixed-use arterial roads, which are often characterized by complex interactions between multiple road user groups.