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141.
汽车尾气颗粒物对动物肺泡巨噬细胞的免疫毒性及比较 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
研究汽车尾气颗粒物气管染毒后对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响,结果是动物肺泡巨噬细胞Fc受体表达、AM抗肿瘤细胞毒作用、抗体介导细胞毒作用受到抑制,具有明显的剂量效应关系;总体比较,汽油车尾气颗粒物对AM免疫功能影响较柴油车严重。 相似文献
142.
143.
宁波和温州地区夏季大气中不同粒径颗粒物特征分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对宁波地区北仑和奉化站、温州地区乐清站3个监测点夏季TSP、PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0进行监测,测试分析各种粒径颗粒物浓度水平和粒径分布特征,并通过化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型对颗粒物进行源解析。监测结果显示,夏季宁波、温州地区TSP和PM10日均浓度为0.049~0.134mg/m3和0.025~0.084mg/m3,均未超过我国环境空气质量二级标准;PM2.5日均浓度为0.007~0.069mg/m3,按美国2006年EPA最新标准限值0.035mg/m3衡量,奉化、乐清、北仑站的超标天数占总监测天数的比例分别为75%、40%和37.5%。粒径分布统计结果显示,3个监测站点PM10占TSP的比例为48.78%~86.96%;PM2.5占TSP的比例为33.33%~72.46%;奉化和乐清监测点PM10中PM2.5和PM1.0的比例平均值在50%以上。源解析结果显示,夏季TSP主要来源于土壤尘,其次是建筑尘和煤烟尘,其贡献率分别为40.70%~55.49%、9.62%~13.64%和5.85%~17.28%。 相似文献
144.
Arruti A Fernández-Olmo I Irabien A 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(5):1129-1135
Air pollution by particulate matter is well linked with anthropogenic activities; the global economic crisis that broke out in the last year may be a proper indicator of this close relationship. Some economic indicators show the regional effects of the crisis on the Cantabria Region. The present work aims to evaluate the impact of the economic crisis on PM10 levels and composition at the major city of the region, Santander. Some metals linked to anthropogenic activities were measured at Santander and studied by Positive Matrix Factorization; this statistical analysis allowed to identify three main factors: urban background, industrial and molybdenum-related factor. The main results show that the temporal trend of the levels of the industrial tracers found in the present study are well agree with the evolution of the studied economic indicators; nevertheless, the urban background tracers and PM10 concentration levels are not well correlated with the studied economic indicators. 相似文献
145.
We found that the photochemical generation of reactive transients such as singlet oxygen and triplet states upon irradiation of different lake water samples is mostly accounted for by components smaller than 0.10 μm. Larger components often showed a much lower absorption and/or scattering of radiation compared with the smaller ones, with one exception where the minor to negligible photochemical activity of larger species was associated with significant radiation absorption/scattering. It is also shown that filtration of the lake water samples at 0.10 μm was able to effectively remove the suspended particles, differently from the usually suggested filtration at 0.45 μm. 相似文献
146.
Wilkinson K Lundkvist J Seisenbaeva G Kessler V 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(1):311-318
Recent developments in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have produced tabletop instruments capable of reasonable imaging resolution at less cost compared to conventional equipment. Combining the SEM with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) allows the possibility of elemental analysis through detection of X-rays emitted from interaction between individual particles and the SEM electron beam, revealing their atomic composition. It’s well known that exposure to inhalable particulate matter (PM) poses health risks and routine monitoring of the chemical content of these has been realized. Exposure information is of a general character but by combining the chemical build-up of monitored particles and knowledge of their inherent health effects will allow better risk assessment. An analysis technique using a tabletop SEM with EDS is demonstrated on particles collected onto nucleopore filters from urban, industrial and rural areas. Detailed characterization of the instruments analysis capabilities as applied to PM are described. 相似文献
147.
The 24-h average coarse (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) fraction of airborne particulate matter (PM) samples were collected for winter, summer and monsoon seasons during November 2008-April 2009 at an busy roadside in Chennai city, India. Results showed that the 24-h average ambient PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were significantly higher in winter and monsoon seasons than in summer season. The 24-h average PM10 concentration of weekdays was significantly higher (12-30%) than weekends of winter and monsoon seasons. On weekends, the PM2.5 concentration was found to slightly higher (4-15%) in monsoon and summer seasons. The chemical composition of PM10 and PM2.5 masses showed a high concentration in winter followed by monsoon and summer seasons.The U.S.EPA-PMF (positive matrix factorization) version 3 was applied to identify the source contribution of ambient PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations at the study area. Results indicated that marine aerosol (40.4% in PM10 and 21.5% in PM2.5) and secondary PM (22.9% in PM10 and 42.1% in PM2.5) were found to be the major source contributors at the study site followed by the motor vehicles (16% in PM10 and 6% in PM2.5), biomass burning (0.7% in PM10 and 14% in PM2.5), tire and brake wear (4.1% in PM10 and 5.4% in PM2.5), soil (3.4% in PM10 and 4.3% in PM2.5) and other sources (12.7% in PM10 and 6.8% in PM2.5). 相似文献
148.
Sotiriou M Ferguson SF Davey M Wolfson JM Demokritou P Lawrence J Sax SN Koutrakis P 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,137(1-3):351-361
Particles in a dental office can be generated by a number of instruments, such as air-turbine handpieces, low-speed handpieces,
ultrasonic scalers, bicarbonate polishers, polishing cups, as well as drilling and air sprays inside the oral cavity. This
study examined the generation of particles during dental drilling and measured particle size, mass, and trace elements. The
air sampling techniques included both continuous and integrated methods. The following particle continuous measurements were
taken every minute: (1) size-selective particle number concentration (Climet); (2) total particle number concentration (PTRAK),
and; (3) particle mass concentration (DustTrak). Integrated particle samples were collected for about 5 h on each of five
sampling days, using a PM2.5 sampler (ChemComb) for elemental/organic carbon analysis, and a PM10 sampler (Harvard Impactor) for mass and elemental analyses. There was strong evidence that these procedures result in particle
concentrations above background. The dental procedures produced number concentrations of relatively small particles (<0.5 μm)
that were much higher than concentrations produced for the relatively larger particles (>0.5 μm). Also, these dental procedures
caused significant elevation above background of certain trace elements (measured by X-ray fluorescence) but did not cause
any elevation of elemental carbon (measured by thermal optical reflectance). Dental drilling procedures aerosolize saliva
and products of drilling, producing particles small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs. The potential health impacts
of the exposure of dental personnel to such particles need to be evaluated. Increased ventilation and personal breathing protection
could be used to minimize harmful effects. 相似文献
149.
This study examined the spatial distribution of particulate air pollution in the Warri metropolis. This was done to ascertain
the differences between the distribution of particulate matter (PM10) in the urban area and the surrounding rural areas. To
achieve this, the study generated data from field measurement of PM10 levels for the year 2003. Analysis of variance, the
U-test, and simple regression statistical techniques were used to analyze the data. The major finding of the study was that
the Warri metropolitan area is polluted with PM10 levels of over 126 μg/m3, which is 81% over the 70 μg/m3 threshold of the World Health Organization. However the built-up area of the Warri metropolis is 150% more polluted with
PM10 particulates than the surrounding rural areas. While the traffic-clogged area of Enerhen, Jakpa, Deco, and Estate Junctions
are the most polluted areas with levels of 151 μg/m3, traditional areas had the lowest levels of 128 μg/m3. The daily distribution of PM10 showed that Mondays were the most polluted days with levels of 145 μg/m3 and Fridays were the least polluted days with levels of 141.5 μg/m3 in the built-up area, whereas in the rural area Wednesdays were the most polluted days with levels of 57.1 μg/m3 and Sundays were the least polluted days with levels of 53.5 μg/m3. Mondays generally recorded the highest PM10 values because of the large amount of industrial operation, heavy vehicular
traffic in the peak period, and increased commercial activities. The study also showed significant variation in the level
of PM10 particulates within the urban areas of the Warri metropolis with a calculated F-value (3.29), which is greater than the critical F-value of 3.14 at the 0.05 significance level. It is therefore recommended that urban environmental management policy should
be vigorously pursued to curb the adverse consequences of increased PM10 levels in urban areas of the Warri metropolis. 相似文献
150.
沈阳市大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)污染现状分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用2011年1~4月沈阳市环境空气中PM2.5自动监测资料进行分析,结果表明,冬季1月和2月污染严重,日均值超标率达到50.0%~64.5%。1天中PM2.5有2个峰值,最大值出现在上午8~9时,次之出现在22时,15时浓度最低。冬季PM2.5污染严重的原因是冬季采暖燃煤量大,污染物排放量大,加之气象扩散条件差导致污染严重。 相似文献