Relevant organic components in ambient particulate matter collected at Svalbard Islands (Norway)

n-Alkanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanoic acids present in the inhalable fraction of airborne particles have been determined at the Italian scientific base sited in the area of Ny Alesund, Spitzbergen Island, Norway. Both the profiles of n-alkane and polynuclear aromatic congeners among the respective classes showed that anthropogenic sources were responsible for the presence of particulate organics in the atmosphere there, since the monomodal distribution of aliphatics and the fresh-emission shape of PAH fraction were observed. The total contents of n-alkanes and PAH ranged from 19 to 97 ng m⁻³ and from 0.6 to 2.0 ng m⁻³, respectively; n-alkanoic acids reached 6 ng m⁻³. The occurrence of nitrated-PAH of photochemical origin at trace extent (i.e. nitrated-fluoranthenes and nitropyrenes) has been also observed. Since the occurrence of OH radicals is required together with NO_x for the processes leading to the generation of 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene would start, the detection of these nitrated species revealed the occurrence of photochemical processes in that region.     

我国雾霾成因及防控策略研究

针对近年来我国雾霾频发的现象,通过对我国雾霾现状、污染物来源分析,阐明雾霾成因及危害,并从监测、评价、控制等角度阐述我国雾霾防控策略。     

Particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure season-dependently induces neuronal apoptosis and synaptic injuries

Epidemiological studies have shown that particulate matter 2.5 (PM_2.5) not only increases the incidence of cardiopulmonary illnesses but also relates to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Considering that PM_2.5 is highly heterogeneous with regional disparity and seasonal variation, we investigated whether PM_2.5 exposure induced neuronal apoptosis and synaptic injuries in a season-dependent manner. The results indicated that PM_2.5 altered the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (mainly bax and bcl-2), activated caspase-3 and caused neuronal apoptosis. Additionally, PM_2.5 decreased the levels of synaptic structural protein postsynaptic density (PSD-95) and synaptic functional protein N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit (NR2B) expression. These effects occurred in a season-dependent manner, and PM_2.5 collected from the winter showed the strongest changes. Furthermore, the effect was coupled with the inhibition of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein (p-CREB). Based on the findings, we analyzed the correlations between the chemical composition of PM_2.5 samples and the biological effects, and confirmed that winter PM_2.5 played a major role in causing neuronal apoptosis and synaptic injuries among different season samples.     

我国城市大气污染控制综合管理对策

为探索"十二五"期间我国大气污染控制途径,本文针对我国大气颗粒物污染的区域性、复合性、复杂性特征和控制与治理任务的严峻形势,在回顾、总结和系统分析我国大气污染控制的历程和经验基础上,解析我国大气颗粒物的主要来源和途径,探讨大气颗粒物控制综合管理模式,提出大气颗粒物污染控制的相应政策建议。当前颗粒物成为我国大气污染最主要的污染物,且成为城市环境质量达标的关键指标,而目前大气环境质量管理体制和政策不能有效地解决颗粒物污染问题。因此,必须以保护人民身体健康为出发点,以改善城市和区域大气环境质量为目标,以削减一次颗粒物排放量为主线,以控制PM10、PM2.5以及其他污染物为重点,以科学的环境政策和产业与能源战略优化经济发展,综合运用法律、经济、信息、行政、技术等综合措施,尽快制定实施《城市环境空气质量综合管理办法》和《城市环境空气质量达标规划编制技术指南》,构建全国大气颗粒物污染控制政策措施体系。