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41.
42.
Neha Parkhi Dilip Chate Sachin D. Ghude Sunil Peshin Anoop Mahajan Reka Srinivas Divya Surendran Kaushar Ali Siddhartha Singh Hanumant Trimbake Gufran Beig 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2016,28(5):265-272
A network of air quality and weather monitoring stations was established under the System of Air Quality Forecasting and Research(SAFAR) project in Delhi. We report observations of ozone(O_3), nitrogen oxides(NO_x), carbon monoxide(CO) and particulate matter(PM_2.5and PM_(10)) before, during and after the Diwali in two consecutive years, i.e., November 2010 and October 2011. The Diwali days are characterised by large firework displays throughout India. The observations show that the background concentrations of particulate matter are between 5 and 10 times the permissible limits in Europe and the United States. During the Diwali-2010, the highest observed PM_(10) and PM_2.5mass concentration is as high as2070 μg/m~3 and 1620 μg/m3, respectively(24 hr mean), which was about 20 and 27 times to National Ambient Air Quality Standards(NAAQS). For Diwali-2011, the increase in PM_(10) and PM_2.5mass concentrations was much less with their peaks of 600 and of 390 μg/m~3 respectively, as compared to the background concentrations. Contrary to previous reports,firework display was not found to strongly influence the NO_x, and O_3 mixing ratios, with the increase within the observed variability in the background. CO mixing ratios showed an increase. We show that the large difference in 2010 and 2011 pollutant concentrations is controlled by weather parameters. 相似文献
43.
Reducing nitrogen runoff from paddy fields with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under different fertilizer regimes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nitrogen(N) runoff from paddy fields serves as one of the main sources of water pollution. Our aim was to reduce N runoff from paddy fields by fertilizer management and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF). In northeast China, Shuangcheng city in Heilongjiang province, a field experiment was conducted, using rice provided with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%,and 100% of the local norm of fertilization(including N, phosphorus and potassium), with or without inoculation with Glomus mosseae. The volume, concentrations of total N(TN),dissolved N(DN) and particulate N(PN) of runoff water were measured. We found that the local norm of fertilization led to 18.9 kg/ha of N runoff during rice growing season, with DN accounting for 60%–70%. We also found that reduction in fertilization by 20% cut down TN runoff by 8.2% while AMF inoculation decreased N runoff at each fertilizer level and this effect was inhibited by high fertilization. The combination of inoculation with AMF and 80% of the local norm of fertilization was observed to reduce N runoff by 27.2%. Conclusively, we suggested that the contribution of AMF inoculation combined with decreasing fertilization should get more attention to slow down water eutrophication by reducing N runoff from paddy fields. 相似文献
44.
Aleksander Astel Vasil Simeonov Hans Puxbaum 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(10):3201-3208
The present study deals with the application of N-way factor analysis for modeling and interpretation of a three-dimensional environmental data set acquired from monitoring of particulate matter (PM) collected at four different sampling locations in Lower Austria region (Central Europe). In the study the Tucker3 algorithm for N-way modeling was used. It was statistically validated that the Tucker3 model offered having the dimensionality [222] is appropriate for correct interpretation of the relationships between chemical parameters, sampling locations and sampling period. The Tucker3 model allowed to distinguish three major sources of pollution in the region of interest conditionally named “soil dust”, “combustion” and “street dust” latent factors as responsible for chemical profile of PM and to identify seasonal variability. Additionally, some specificity of the sampling locations was also pointed out. 相似文献
45.
Mehrez Samaali Michael D. Moran Vronique S. Bouchet Radenko Pavlovic Sophie Cousineau Mourad Sassi 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(32):4873-4885
The influence of chemical initial conditions and chemical lateral boundary conditions (CLBCs) on long-term regional air quality model simulations was investigated using outputs from an annual simulation of the year 2002 on a North American domain. This simulation was carried out using the AURAMS regional air quality model. It was subdivided into three multi-month segments with two overlap periods (May 15–30 and September 1–30) to allow the segments to be run in parallel. For this approach to work, model predictions had to match very closely by the end of the two-week and four-week overlap periods. The time required for the values of daily domain-average surface PM2.5 concentration to match for the two simulation segments associated with each of the two overlap periods was four and six days, respectively. For individual locations within the model domain, however, the required spin-up period was as much as nine days, considerably longer than the 2–4-day spin-up period usually assumed in the literature. For ozone, on the other hand, the daily domain-average surface ozone concentration values did not converge for either overlap period. A zero-gradient CLBC had been used for all run segments and species. When a time-invariant CLBC for ozone was used instead, the daily domain-average surface ozone concentration values behaved more realistically and did converge after fewer than three days. A similar improvement was also obtained for individual locations, but with spin-up periods of up to nine days. Model chemical spin-up time thus seems to be dependent on the species considered, the time required for the influence of the inflow boundaries to reach all locations within the domain, and the impact of local emissions sources. These results suggest the use of a spin-up period of longer than one week for a large (continental) domain and long-term simulation of PM2.5 and O3 rather than the 2–4 days commonly assumed in the literature. 相似文献
46.
M. Ianistcki C. Sauer J. da Silva 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(7):2037-2042
The purpose of this study was to biomonitor metropolitan areas of Porto Alegre (Brazil) for PAHs associated with atmospheric particles and check their effects on the DNA of the land mollusk Helix aspersa. The sampling sites are located in an urban area with heavy traffic: (i) Canoas, (ii) Sapucaia do Sul, and (iii) FIERGS/Porto Alegre. The samples were collected during a continuous period of 24 hours during 15 days using Stacked Filter Units (SFU) on polycarbonate filters (two separated size fractions: PM10-2.5 and PM<2.5). The concentrations of 16 major PAHs were determined according to EPA. Comet assay on H. aspersa hemolymph cells was chosen for genotoxicity evaluation. This evaluation shows that, in general, the smaller PM-size fractions (PM<2.5) have the highest genotoxicity and contain higher concentrations of extractable organic matter. In addition, associations between chemical characteristics and PM carcinogenicity tend to be stronger for the smaller PM-size fractions. 相似文献
47.
Modelling the Removal of Gaseous Pollutants and Particulate Matters from the Atmosphere of a City by Rain: Effect of Cloud Density 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J. B. Shukla Shyam Sundar A. K. Misra Ram Naresh 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2008,13(2):255-263
In this paper, an original nonlinear mathematical model for the removal of gaseous pollutants and particulate matters from
the atmosphere of an industrial city by rain is proposed and analyzed. It is assumed that five interacting phases in the atmosphere
of the city exist, i.e., cloud droplets phase, raindrops phase, gaseous pollutants phase, particulate matters phase, and the
phase of absorbed gaseous pollutants in raindrops. It is assumed further that these phases undergo nonlinear interactions
in the atmosphere, while gaseous pollutant interacts with cloud droplets as well as with raindrops but particulate matters
interact only with raindrops. The gravitational settling and reversible reaction processes have also been considered appropriately
in the model. By analyzing the model, it is shown that both the gaseous pollutants and particulate matters may be removed
from the atmosphere under certain conditions, provided the rates of formation of cloud droplets and raindrops are sufficiently
large. It is noted that under unfavorable atmospheric conditions, rain does not occur and pollutants are not removed from
the atmosphere. 相似文献
48.
Many metropolitan transit authorities are considering upgrading transit bus fleets to decrease ambient criteria pollutant
levels. Advancements in engine and fuel technology have lead to a generation of lower-emission buses in a variety of fuel
types. Dynamometer tests show substantial reductions in particulate mass emissions for younger buses (<10 years) over older
models, but particle number reduction has not been verified in the research. Recent studies suggest that particle number is
a more important factor than particle mass in determining health effects. In-vehicle particle number concentration measurements
on conventional diesel, oxidation-catalyst diesel and compressed natural gas transit buses are compared to estimate relative
in-vehicle particulate exposures. Two primary consistencies are observed from the data: the CNG buses have average particle
count concentrations near the average concentrations for the oxidation-catalyst diesel buses, and the conventional diesel
buses have average particle count concentrations approximately three to four times greater than the CNG buses. Particle number
concentrations are also noticeably affected by bus idling behavior and ventilation options, such as, window position and air
conditioning. 相似文献
49.
The particulate organic matter distribution and its elemental composition in the northern and central Adriatic Sea during different seasonal periods are shown, highlighting the principal processes and factors influencing their distribution and characteristics.
In the low salinity waters the concentrations of particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were higher and more variable than in the dense waters, mainly due to dilution effects which induce an abundant phytoplankton growth.
Generally in summer the particulate organic matter distribution followed the trophic gradient while in winter resuspension events often became more important. Differences between summer and winter were more evident in the diluted waters and were mainly due to the seasonal heat exchanges and to the fresh water inputs.
Marked differences in C/P ratios were observed in the POM: high ratios in the northern diluted waters and low in the more saline waters and in the central Adriatic. 相似文献
In the low salinity waters the concentrations of particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were higher and more variable than in the dense waters, mainly due to dilution effects which induce an abundant phytoplankton growth.
Generally in summer the particulate organic matter distribution followed the trophic gradient while in winter resuspension events often became more important. Differences between summer and winter were more evident in the diluted waters and were mainly due to the seasonal heat exchanges and to the fresh water inputs.
Marked differences in C/P ratios were observed in the POM: high ratios in the northern diluted waters and low in the more saline waters and in the central Adriatic. 相似文献
50.