南水北调中线工程对汉江中下游工业发展的影响

南水北调中线工程计划从丹江口水库向我国北方每年调水１４５亿ｍ＾３,汉江丹江口以下地区的水资源量将随之相应减少。汉江中下游地区是湖北省盐化工、机械、石油、食品、化肥、电力的重要生产地区,是湖北省的汽车工业走廊,其经济在湖北省占有举足轻重的地位。由于经济的迅速发展,下世纪工农业生产和人民生活对水资源的需求将从现在的１４０亿ｍ＾３增加到２５０亿ｍ＾３以上,需水量将达到水资源量的５８％,潜伏着严重的水资源     

对中国防灾减灾立法体系的探讨

中国是自然灾害和经济、社会发展中人为突发事件灾害普遍、灾情严重的国家。灾害已直接影响和制约着国家的经济建设、社会发展和公众的安全。要把防灾减灾作为中国的基本国策。为此,必须长远规划和全面制定中国的防灾减灾立法体系,以适应２１世纪中国减灾安全与可持续发展的战略任务。本文就编制中国防灾减灾立法体系应遵循的指导方针、基本原则及方案的框架设想全面提出研讨建议。     

River systems as providers of goods and services: a basis for comparing desired and undesired effects of large dam projects

In developing countries, large dam projects continue to be launched, primarily to secure a time-stable freshwater supply and to generate hydropower. Meanwhile, calls for environmentally sustainable development put pressure on the dam-building industry to integrate ecological concerns in project planning and decision-making. Such integration requires environmental impact statements (EISs) that can communicate the societal implications of the ecological effects in terms that are understandable and useful to planners and decision-makers. The purpose of this study is to develop a basic framework for assessing the societal implications of the river ecological effects expected of a proposed large dam project. The aim is to facilitate a comparison of desired and potential undesired effects on-site and downstream. The study involves two main tasks: to identify key river goods and services that a river system may provide, and to analyze how the implementation of a large dam project may alter the on-site capacity and downstream potentials to derive river goods and services from the river system. Three river goods and six river services are identified. River goods are defined as extractable partly man-made products and river services as naturally sustained processes. By four main types of flow manipulations, a large dam project improves the on-site capacity to derive desired river goods, but simultaneously threatens the provision of desirable river goods and services downstream. However, by adjusting the site, design, and operational schedule of the proposed dam project, undesirable effects on river goods and services can be minimized.     

主题旅游活动项目策划研究--以峨眉山"2004年百姓生活游"旅游活动项目策划为例

自1992年以来，我国国家旅游局每年推出一个专项旅游产品作为对外宣传口号。为配合此项活动的开展，各地纷纷组织了相应的主题旅游活动。通过主题旅游活动的开展，能够有效地整合区域旅游资源、提升旅游目的地形象、丰富旅游目的地产品类型、促进旅游基础设施和服务设施建设、弘扬当地传统文化。通过对峨眉山“2004年百姓生活游”主题旅游活动项目策划的研究，对主题旅游活动项目策划的理论与方法进行了初步探讨。     

“放管服”背景下规划环评与项目环评联动机制的构建

在“放管服”改革背景下,规划环评与项目环评的联动实践,重在简化规划所包含项目的环评内容和程序,但过于重视效率,不利于环评制度风险预防功能的实现。现行法律法规和国家层面政策文件中相关规定较为原则,各地在实践探索中联动条件、联动范围、简化内容、审批方式等均存在较大差异,规范统一的联动机制尚未形成。对此,基于规划环评与项目环评联动机制的构建机理,针对现有实践存在的问题,以《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》修改为契机,回归环评制度预防性规制的本质,明确联动机制的适用条件和范围,确定项目环评简化或强化的内容,回应环评审批改革实践可能存在的合法性质疑,建立自下而上的反馈和监督机制,从而为规划环评与项目环评联动机制提供法治化构建方案。

     

某化工园区污水处理厂Fenton处理方案的比较研究

利用GC-MS分析了某化工园区污水厂一期（化工）进水中的有机物组分,并通过活性污泥呼吸抑制实验评估其微生物毒性及对现有生化处理系统的影响。在此基础上,对Fenton试剂后置深度处理和前置预处理2个方案开展比较研究。结果表明,一期进水含多种难降解有机物,对生活污泥表现出微生物毒性,但对园区污水厂污泥无明显呼吸抑制作用。Fenton试剂后置处理生化出水,当进水COD-1,在pH为3.5左右,H2O2投加量为5 mmol·L-1,Fe2+/H2O2摩尔比为1：2的条件下,出水COD可稳定低于60 mg·L-1,处理成本不含污泥处置费低于1.8元·t-1水,难降解组分从18种减少为4种。而Fenton试剂前置预处理化工废水时,废水B/C在几种Fenton药剂组合下均未能达到0.3以上,无法得到理想的可生化性提高效果。因此推荐该化工园区污水厂采用Fenton试剂后置处理工艺为主的提标改造方案。     

Modeling and optimizing efficiency gap between managers and operators in integrated resilient systems: The case of a petrochemical plant

The reliability issue in complex industrial systems such as oil, gas, petrochemical companies, nuclear and aviation industries has been of great importance. Resilience engineering (RE) is a new attitude toward the improvement of safety and reliability in the stated systems. One of the challenges a resilient system might face is the gap between work as imagined by managers and work as actually done by operators. This study will introduce a new framework named integrated resilience engineering (IRE) as a result of developing the concept of RE. The data used in this research have been obtained by means of questionnaire from a petrochemical company. Thereafter, the efficiency of operators and managers are calculated in RE and IRE frameworks through data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. Then, the gaps between managers and operators are analyzed in two frameworks. The results are indicative of a significant growth in the number of efficient operators and managers in IRE framework compared to RE framework. Besides, the efficiency mean of managers and operators in IRE framework has experienced the growth of 1.8% and 5% compared to RE framework, respectively. The efficiency gap between managers and operators in IRE framework has also enjoyed the improvement of 88% compared to RE framework. Generally, it can be said that the suggested items of this research has led to the betterment of managers and operators’ efficiency and of the efficiency gap between them. Therefore, these items can improve the resilience and safety of complex systems. The results of Spearman test show that there is a strong direct correlation between the DEA results in two frameworks. This is the first study that examines the efficiency gap between operators and managers based on the RE principles and by means of DEA approach.     

利用标准化法评价污染源

大连石化公司运用标准化法对该厂污染源进行了普查,进而对污染源做出了评价。以二蒸馏装置为例,对总排放口污染源的监测数据进行了标化处理,确定了主要的污染因子及污染源:石油类主要来自减压塔顶分离器;硫化物主要来自减压塔顶油、水分离器和常压塔顶油、水分离器;挥发酚主要来自减压塔顶油、水分离器。     

影子工程法计算矿山生态经济损失

矿山开采生产主要的环境影响是生态影响,以抚顺新宾榆树铁矿为例,利用影子工程法对矿山开采进行环境经济损失分析,包括生态资源的经济损失和生态系统功能受到影响的经济损失,可用于矿区环境经济损益分析并作为相关建设项目的借鉴。     

跨湖桥独木舟遗址区地下水渗流场模拟研究

独木舟遗址位于浙江省萧山区,是浙江省迄今为止发现最早的新石器时代文化遗存。现场踏勘发现,破坏遗址原址保护主要环境地质病害是水的问题。通过对该遗址区水文地质条件的分析,建立了遗址区水文地质概念模型和数学模型;运用地下水数值模拟软件Modflow模拟遗址区原始地下水分布;将模拟区地形图与模型模拟结果进行比较,发现它们具极大的相似性,这说明模拟的结果是符合实际情况的。