广东省药物活性化合物的污染特征及生态风险评价

随着药物活性化合物(PhACs)的大量生产和使用,PhACs已成为环境中的一类新污染物.为了调查PhACs在广东省的污染特征,采集了全广东省21个城市,包括178个乡镇及行政区,共186个污水厂的原始污水.采用全自动固相萃取仪和高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用仪,分析了污水厂进水中10种典型PhACs的污染水平,全面揭示了PhACs在广东省的空间分布特征,并对PhACs的潜在生态风险进行评价.调查结果表明,全部污水厂均有PhACs检出,各污水厂进水中∑PhACs质量浓度范围为21.00～9 558.25 ng·L^-1,其中美托洛尔、对乙酰氨基酚、苯扎贝特和咖啡因是广东省污水厂进水中的主要污染物.在空间分布上,广东省各区域∑PhACs质量浓度平均值呈现出珠三角>粤北>粤东≈粤西的分布特征.根据污水厂的处理工艺,对∑PhACs质量浓度超过2 500 ng·L^-1的污水厂的出水质量浓度进行估算,并根据估算的出水进行PhACs的生态风险评价.结果表明,广东省PhACs的生态风险较低,苯扎贝特在韶关、江门和深圳呈现出中风险,∑PhACs生态...     

基于高分辨率在线测量的轻型汽油车含氧挥发性有机物排放模型构建

机动车排放的含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)具有较高的大气反应活性,但在线测量识别其高分辨率排放特征的研究仍处于起步阶段,缺乏计算和预测OVOCs排放特征的模型工具.本研究利用质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪(PTR-TOF-MS)与离子/分子反应质谱仪(IMR-MS),在简易瞬态测试工况下对轻型汽油车排放甲醛、丙酮和乙醇等8种OVOCs组分进行了在线测量.结果表明,OVOCs组分受工况变化影响显著,国Ⅰ～国Ⅴ车辆排放过程中OVOCs排放峰值相对于怠速阶段的增幅分别为183％、105％、56％、92％和244％,同时随着排放标准从国Ⅰ升级到国Ⅴ,含量较高且作为特征组分的甲醛、丙酮和甲醇排放量的降幅分别为90.9％、93.3％和93.7％,但乙醇排放相对稳定.国Ⅰ～国V排放标准下轻型汽油车8种OVOCs总量排放因子分别为12.5、10.2、5.4、4.2和1.6 mg-km-1,总体减排幅度87％.本研究发现OVOCs排放率与比功率(VSP),排放因子与修正碳燃烧效率(MCE)密切相关,将不同排放标准车辆的VSP与排放率和MCE与基于里程的排放因子(EFs)进行拟合,分别建立了一阶线性函数关系.提出了修正碳燃烧损失率(MCL)这一概念,并得到简化的MCL与排放因子的正比例函数关系,从而阐明了OVOCs排放因子的决定性因素.基于VSP和MCL建立的OVOCs排放模型可以计算和预测轻型汽油车在不同热运行状态下的排放率和排放因子,从而为准确评估OVOCs排放贡献和建立排放源清单提供有效工具.     

南京毒性挥发性有机化合物夏冬季源解析及健康风险评估

本研究于2018年夏季和冬季,在南京使用吸附浓缩在线监测系统(AC-GCMS 1000)对大气中的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)进行测量,估算其所造成的健康风险并解析VOCs所造成致癌与非致癌风险的污染来源.结果表明,采样期间南京市冬季φ(总VOCs)为105.7×10-9,为夏季(34.5×10-9)的3.1倍,以烷烃为主要物种.在健康风险方面,冬季毒性VOCs所造成的非致癌风险及致癌风险值分别为9.43和1.0×10-4,是夏季非致癌(5.58)与致癌风险(2.69×10-5)的1.7和3.8倍,而丙烯醛和1,2-二氯乙烷是非致癌与致癌风险的主要物种.最后,利用PMF模型解析5个VOCs的污染来源,分别是有机涂料溶剂源、生物质燃烧源、车辆排放源、石油化工源和溶剂源2.车辆排放源是造成致癌风险的最大来源(夏季28.2％和冬季48.0％).因此,建议有针对性地控制毒性VOCs及车辆尾气的排放,以减小可能对公众健康产生的危害.     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱／质谱法测定水中25种挥发性有机物研究

建立了吹扫捕集与气相色谱／质谱联用测定水中25种挥发性有机物的分析方法。该方法的加标回收率在90％-119％之间,响应因子（RF）的相对标准偏差均小于20％,检出限在0．04μg／L-0．22μg／L之间。该方法具有简单、快速、准确、灵敏,无其他有机物的污染等优点,适用于地表水、地下水和饮用水中挥发性有机物的测定,结果令人满意。     

Fate and degradation of nonylphenolic compounds during wastewater treatment process

In order to explore the biodegradation behavior of nonylphenolic compounds during wastewater treatment processing, two full-scale wastewater treatment plants were investigated and batch biodegradation experiments were conducted. The biodegradation pathways under the various operational conditions were identified from batch experiments: shortening of ethoxy-chains dominated under the anaerobic condition, whereas oxidizing of the terminal alcoholic group prevailed over the other routes under the aerobic condition. Results showed that the anoxic condition could accelerate the biodegradation rates of nonylphenolic compounds, but had no influence on the biodegradation pathway. The biodegradation rates of nonylphenol (NP) and short-chain nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEOs, n: number of ethoxy units) increased from the anaerobic condition, then the anoxic, finally to the aerobic condition, while those of long-chain NPnEOs and nonylphenoxy carboxylates (NPECs) seemed similar under the various conditions. Under every operational condition, long-chain NPnEOs showed the highest biodegradation activity, followed by NPECs and short-chain NPnEOs, whereas NP showed relatively recalcitrant characteristics especially under the anaerobic condition. In addition, introducing sulfate and nitrate to the anaerobic condition could enhance the biodegradation of NP and short-chain NPnEOs by supplying more positive redox potentials.     

自来水处理工艺对溶解相中全氟化合物残留的影响

为探究自来水原水到出厂水各处理环节对自来水中全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)残留的影响,了解原水中PFCs的季节性变化规律,应用WAX固相萃取分离富集与高效液相色谱-质谱联用相结合的方法,分析了深圳市某自来水厂一年间原水、出厂水及絮凝池、沉降池、砂滤池、臭氧+活性炭池出水溶解相中13种PFCs的残留水平.结果表明,原水和出厂水中ΣPFCs残留呈春夏高而秋冬低的趋势,检出的PFCs呈中短链(C≤10)长链(C≥11)的分布,而全氟辛烷磺酸是PFCs最典型残留种态.在原水经过的5个处理环节中,臭氧+活性炭、沉降和砂滤具有PFCs去除效应,然而絮凝和液氯消毒却分别使短链(C≤6)和中链(10≥C≥7)PFCs显著上升,导致出厂水中ΣPFCs浓度较原水增加了10%～44%.但出厂水中PFCs残留远低于其限值,尚不足以影响人体健康.     

青岛市臭氧污染与非污染期间VOCs化学特征及来源解析

青岛市夏季臭氧浓度水平高且污染事件频发,开展臭氧污染过程和非污染时期的挥发性有机物(VOCs)及其臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的精细化来源解析研究,对于有效降低沿海城市的大气臭氧污染,持续改善环境空气质量将会发挥重要的作用.因此,利用青岛市2020年夏季(6～8月)小时分辨率的在线VOCs监测数据,分析臭氧污染过程和非臭氧污染时期环境VOCs的化学特征,并通过正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型进行了环境VOCs及其OFP的精细化来源解析研究.结果表明,青岛市夏季环境ρ(TVOCs)平均值为93.8μg·m^-3,臭氧污染过程相较于非臭氧污染时期TVOCs浓度上升了49.3%,其中芳香烃浓度增加最显著,增加了59.7%.夏季环境VOCs总的OFP达到246.3μg·m^-3,臭氧污染过程相较于非臭氧污染时期环境VOCs的总OFP增加了43.1%;其中烷烃增加最多,增加了58.8%.间-乙基甲苯和2,3-二甲基戊烷是臭氧污染过程中OFP增加幅度最大的物种.青岛市夏季环境VOCs的主要贡献源为柴油车(11.2%)、溶剂使用(4.7%)、液化石油气及天然气(27....     

基于WRF-CMAQ/ISAM模型的榆林市夏季O3来源解析

为了更清楚地了解榆林市夏季臭氧污染来源,提出科学的治理建议,利用WRF-CMAQ模型对2019年7月榆林市和周边地区(包含太原市、西安市、银川市和呼和浩特市等省会城市)的O₃浓度进行模拟;利用ISAM模块,对榆林市一次重污染过程的O₃和其前体物NO_x、 VOCs来源进行量化.结果表明,重污染日榆林市的O₃主要来自模拟区域外的远距离传输(55.5%),其次是模拟区域内前体物的光化学反应生成(20.6%,榆林市、山西省、内蒙古自治区和陕西省依次为10.0%、 5.0%、 2.3%和2.1%,甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区和河南省合计为1.2%)和初始条件(0.3%),剩余来源(23.6%)未能被成功标记;榆林市处于VOCs控制区,其VOCs由烷烃(76.5%)、酮类(9.2%)和其它种类的VOCs(14.3%)构成,VOCs来源有模拟区域内的污染源排放(45.6%,榆林市、山西省、内蒙古自治区和陕西省依次为22.0%、 11.4%、 6.3%和5.1%,甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区和河南省合计为0.8%)和模拟区域外...     

基于铁塔观测的深圳大气VOCs垂直分布特征

2018年8～9月,利用深圳市铁塔的11个垂直梯度平台进行了9轮挥发性有机物(VOCs)不锈钢罐采样,并应用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC/MS)对103种VOCs组分进行定量分析,研究不同垂直高度上VOCs组分特征及对近地面臭氧(O₃)生成的影响.结果表明,从地面到345m高空VOCs总体污染水平相近,在垂直梯度上变化不大;但烯烃浓度随高度上升呈现下降趋势,主要受地面天然源排放的异戊二烯主导.结合典型物种及物种对的分析发现,日间的二次生成、工业排放和光化学反应消耗是影响垂直梯度上VOCs浓度变化的主要原因.应用混合层梯度方法对VOCs通量进行计算发现,烷烃(28%)和芳香烃(23%)的通量贡献最多;二氯甲烷(1.93±0.29)mg/(m²·h)、甲苯(1.86±0.39)mg/(m²·h)具有较高的垂直通量值.结合二氧化氮(NO₂)和O₃垂直廓线的关系分析得出,总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)/NO₂在300m以上高空达到峰值,更加有利于O₃     

Characterization, reactivity, source apportionment, and potential source areas of ambient volatile organic compounds in a typical tropical city

Based on one-year observation, the concentration, sources, and potential source areas of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were comprehensively analyzed to investigate the pollution characteristics of ambient VOCs in Haikou, China. The results showed that the annual average concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 11.4 ppbV, and the composition was dominated by alkanes (8.2 ppbV, 71.4%) and alkenes (1.3 ppbV, 20.5%). The diurnal variation in the concentration of dominant VOC species showed a distinct bimodal distribution with peaks in the morning and evening. The greatest contribution to ozone formation potential (OFP) was made by alkenes (51.6%), followed by alkanes (27.2%). The concentrations of VOCs and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in spring and summer were low, and it was difficult to generate high ozone (O₃) concentrations through photochemical reactions. The significant increase in O₃ concentrations in autumn and winter was mainly related to the transmission of pollutants from the northeast. Traffic sources (40.1%), industrial sources (19.4%), combustion sources (18.6%), solvent usage sources (15.5%) and plant sources (6.4%) were identified as major sources of VOCs through the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The southeastern coastal areas of China were identified as major potential source areas of VOCs through the potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) models. Overall, the concentration of ambient VOCs in Haikou was strongly influenced by traffic sources and long-distance transport, and the control of VOCs emitted from vehicles should be strengthened to reduce the active species of ambient VOCs in Haikou, thereby reducing the generation of O₃.