Silica-quaternary ammonium “Fixed-Quat” nanofilm coated fiberglass mesh for water disinfection and harmful algal blooms control

Intensification of pollution loading worldwide has promoted an escalation of different types of disease-causing microorganisms, such as harmful algal blooms(HABs), instigating detrimental impacts on the quality of receiving surface waters. Formation of unwanted disinfection by-products(DBPs) resulting from conventional disinfection technologies reveals the need for the development of new sustainable alternatives. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds(QACs) are cationic surfactants widely known for their effective biocidal properties at the ppm level. In this study, a novel silica-based antimicrobial nanofilm was developed using a composite of silica-modified QAC(Fixed-Quat) and applied to a fiberglass mesh as an active surface via sol–gel technique. The synthesized Fixed-Quat nanocoating was found to be effective against E. coli with an inactivation rate of 1.3 × 10~(-3) log reduction/cm min. The Fixed-Quat coated fiberglass mesh also demonstrated successful control of Microcystis aeruginosa with more than 99% inactivation after 10 hr of exposure.The developed antimicrobial mesh was also evaluated with wild-type microalgal species collected in a water body experiencing HABs, obtaining a 97% removal efficiency. Overall,the silica-functionalized Fixed-Quat nanocoating showed promising antimicrobial properties for water disinfection and HABs control, while decreasing concerns related to DBPs formation and the possible release of toxic nanomaterials into the environment.     

溶剂使用源挥发性有机物排放特征与污染控制对策

VOCs（volatile organic compounds,挥发性有机物）作为臭氧和二次有机气溶胶的关键前体物,已成为工业行业重点控制的大气污染物.源头控制作为工业源VOCs污染防治的重要手段,近5年来得到了快速发展.选取家具制造业、汽车制造业和包装印刷业作为代表性溶剂使用行业,逐生产工序检测、分析溶剂使用企业在使用传统溶剂型溶剂和新型水性溶剂时的VOCs排放特征,定量研究新型低/无VOCs溶剂替代所带来的VOCs污染特征的变化规律,分析并提出溶剂使用源VOCs污染控制对策.结果表明:不同生产工序所排放VOCs的浓度及其各物种贡献率均存在差异,使用新型水性溶剂时,酯类和烷烃为首要VOCs物种,ρ（VOCs）集中在8.77~40.21 mg/m3之间;使用传统溶剂型溶剂时,苯系物和酯类为首要VOCs物种,ρ（VOCs）分布在27.08~2 418.47 mg/m3之间,ρ（VOCs）为使用新型水性溶剂的2.78~50.00倍（以平均质量浓度计）,醇类、苯系物、烯烃、酮类、酯类和烷烃的质量浓度分别为使用新型水性溶剂的75.47、19.43、18.27、5.74、5.35和1.20倍.研究显示,源头控制通常需升级配套的生产工艺及设备,但相较于末端控制和过程控制更易管控;水性溶剂替代作为现阶段溶剂使用行业源头控制的主要手段,可有效降低各排污节点的VOCs排放浓度,实现VOCs减排;同时,苯系物和烯烃排放浓度及其排放总量的削减,可降低排放废气的反应活性,从而减少溶剂使用行业二次污染物的生成量.      

Facile synthesis of graphitic carbon-nitride supported antimony-doped tin oxide nanocomposite and its application for the adsorption of volatile organic compounds

Antimony-doped tin oxide(ATO) nanoparticles with an average size of ～ 6 nm were prepared by co-precipitation and subsequent heat treatment. Graphitic carbon nitride(g-CN)/ATO hybrid nanocomposite was designed by the combination of thermally synthesized g-CN and ATO nanoparticles by ultrasonication. The materials were characterized using N2 adsorption/desorption(BET), X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). A mixture of five volatile organic compounds(VOCs, chloroform, benzene, toluene, xylene and styrene) was used to compare the adsorption capacity of the samples. The adsorption capacity of ATO nanoparticles was improved by the addition of g-CN. Experimental data showed that, among the five VOCs,chloroform was the least adsorbed, regardless of the samples. The g-CN/ATO showed nearly three times greater adsorption capacity for the VOC mixture than pure ATO. The unchanged efficiency of VOC adsorption during cyclic use demonstrated the completely reversible adsorption and desorption behavior of the nanocomposite at room conditions. This economically and environmentally friendly material can be a practical solution for outdoor and indoor VOC removal.     

沧州市春季NMHCs空间分布特征

2015年春季在沧州市城区、郊区和潜在污染源附近选择了15个采样点进行同期采样.研究表明沧州市NMHCs总体上市区高于近郊及远郊区县;市区以高新区NMHCs浓度最高;郊县采样点除河间市略高外,其它采样点的浓度均明显低于市区浓度;机动车的道路排放是沧州市NMHCs的重要来源之一;沧州大化和沧州炼油在停产期间未对市区NMHCs产生明显影响;大港油田采油三厂采取了较完善的油气回收措施,未对市区NMHCs产生明显影响;平均来看,沧州市NMHCs中烷烃占65%,烯烃占16%,芳烃占19%;臭氧生成潜势(ozone formation potential,OFPs)主要来源于二甲苯(19%)、乙烯(14%)、甲苯(11%)、丙烯(5%)、异戊烷(5%)和异戊烯(5%)等;气溶胶生成潜势(formation potential of secondary organic aerosol,SOAFPs)主要来源于甲苯(28%)、蒎烯(28%)、二甲苯(16%)、乙苯(9%)和苯(9%)等.     

我国人为源挥发性有机物反应性排放清单

以我国人为源挥发性有机物(VOCs)为研究对象,使用具有代表性的VOCs总量排放清单、各污染源成分谱及物种最大增量反应活性值(MIR),建立了2010年我国人为源VOCs基于臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的反应性排放清单.结果表明,2010年我国人为源挥发性有机物总OFP为84 187.61 kt,其中,烷烃6 882.53 kt,烯炔烃41 496.92 kt,芳香烃32 945.32 kt,卤代烃161.45kt,含氧有机化合物2 701.40 kt.OFP贡献前10种物种分别为丙烯、乙烯、间/对-二甲苯、甲苯、1-丁烯、邻-二甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯、1,3-丁二烯、间-乙基甲苯和乙苯,占人为源总OFP的63.95%,仅占VOCs排放总量的31.84%.人为源三大污染源中,工业源贡献了49.29%的OFP,为最大贡献源,其次是交通源28.31%和农业源22.40%.建筑装饰、石油炼制、储存与运输、机械设备制造、交通设备制造和包装印刷为工业OFP主要贡献源;轻型载客汽车、重型载客汽车及摩托车为交通源OFP污染控制的重点;生物质燃烧两类子源均为农业源OFP重点控制对象.山东、江苏、广东、浙江和河南是我国人为源OFP贡献最大的省份,占人为源总OFP的39.65%.该反应性清单的建立,对我国基于反应性臭氧(O3)控制对策的制定具有重要意义.     

家具涂装行业VOCs污染特征分析

研究选取典型家具涂装行业为采样点,对底漆涂装车间、面漆涂装车间、干燥车间和车间有组织排放的VOCs样品进行采集,分析VOCs的污染特征、臭氧生成潜势和恶臭指数。结果表明:底漆和面漆涂装车间的总VOCs浓度分别为3 051.0,2 098.0μg/m~3,车间有组织排放产生的VOCs浓度较低。各生产工艺环节VOCs均以苯系物为主(78.6%~92.4%),车间有组织排放由于活性炭对苯系物的吸附作用,烷烃和烯烃质量分数较其他工艺环节高。底漆、面漆和干燥车间VOCs的臭氧生成潜势较高(7 903.34~18 535.8μg/m~3),敏感性物种均为1,2,4-三甲基苯、邻-二甲苯等苯系物。苯系物的恶臭指数较大,底漆、面漆和干燥车间的恶臭指数高达25.809、12.525和9.076,对二乙基苯、正丙苯、对乙基甲苯的恶臭指数相对较高,存在一定程度的恶臭污染。     

RTO(蓄热式氧化炉)应用调研分析研究

通过调研RTO(蓄热式热氧化炉)装置处理VOCs(挥发性有机物)的应用实例,对比分析了VOCs处理效果及存在问题,结合RTO处理VOCs原理及相关规范,指出采用RTO方法的优点及需要完善改进之处,为RTO装置的建设和运营提供指导意见.在一定VOCs浓度区间范围内,随着VOCs浓度的升高,RTO对VOCs去除率呈上升趋势,RTO对VOCs的绝对去除量有保障.RTO装置比较适合处理VOCs浓度为1000~8000 mg/m3的废气,三室式RTO装置可以兼顾到处理效率和经济性要求,现有主流三室式RTO比较适宜的VOCs废气处理量为10000~30000 m3/h.     

Sorption of hydrophobic pesticides on a Mediterranean soil affected by wastewater, dissolved organic matter and salts

Irrigation with treated wastewaters as an alternative in countries with severe water shortage may influence the sorption of pesticides and their environmental effects, as wastewater contains higher concentrations of suspended and dissolved organic matter and inorganic compounds than freshwater. We have examined the sorption behaviour of three highly hydrophobic pesticides (the herbicide pendimethalin and the insecticides α-cypermethrin and deltamethrin) on a Mediterranean agricultural soil using the batch equilibration method. We considered wastewater, extracts from urban sewage sludge with different dissolved organic carbon contents, and inorganic salt solutions, using Milli Q water as a control. All pesticides were strongly retained by soil although some sorption occurred on the walls of the laboratory containers, especially when wastewater and inorganic salt solutions were used. The calculation of distribution constants by measuring pesticide concentrations in soil and solution indicated that pendimethalin sorption was not affected whereas α-cypermethrin and deltamethrin retention were significantly enhanced (ca. 5 and 2 times, respectively) when wastewater or salt solutions were employed. We therefore conclude that the increased sorption of the two pesticides caused by wastewater cannot be only the result of its dissolved organic carbon content, but also of the simultaneous presence of inorganic salts in the solution.     

Influence of parameters on the heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of pesticides and phenolic contaminants in wastewater: a short review

In recent years, the application of heterogeneous photocatalytic water purification processes has gained wide attention due to its effectiveness in degrading and mineralizing the recalcitrant organic compounds as well as the possibility of utilizing the solar UV and visible-light spectrum. This paper aims to review and summarize the recent works on the titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) photocatalytic oxidation of pesticides and phenolic compounds, predominant in storm and wastewater effluents. The effects of various operating parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of pesticides and phenols are discussed. Results reported here suggest that the photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds depends on the type and composition of the photocatalyst and, light intensity, initial substrate concentration, amount of catalyst, pH of the reaction medium, ionic components in water, solvent types, oxidizing agents/electron acceptors, catalyst application mode, and calcination temperature in the water environment. A substantial amount of research has focused on the enhancement of TiO(2) photocatalysis by modification with metal, non-metal and ion doping. Recent developments in TiO(2) photocatalysis for the degradation of various pesticides and phenols are also highlighted in this review. It is evident from the literature survey that photocatalysis has good potential to remove a variety of organic pollutants. However, there is still a need to determine the practical utility of this technique on a commercial scale.     

纳滤膜去除内分泌干扰物/医药化合物研究进展

如何有效去除水中内分泌干扰物、医药活性化合物等有机微污染物的研究逐渐增加,其中,纳滤膜由于其较高的去除率得到了广泛关注。但由于纳滤膜去除这些物质的分离机理较为复杂,有时并不明确,给实验带来较大困难。文章总结了纳滤膜去除水中内分泌干扰物/医药活性化合物的典型应用及其三种分离机理——筛分作用、电荷作用、吸附作用,并对去除过程中所产生的问题和解决方案加以总结。为今后纳滤膜去除内分泌干扰物/医药活性化合物的研究提供参考依据。