县域打通“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念转化通道的典型模式研究

“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念是习近平生态文明思想的重要组成部分,具有深刻的哲学内涵,本文利用代表“绿水青山”和“金山银山”的生态与经济指标聚类分析了中国1666个县(市、区),筛选出21个典型地区并分析了其“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念转化路径,总结提出5类典型模式。其中,以浙江省衢州市的6县(市、区)为案例,综合设计衢州市各县(市、区)的“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念转化典型模式实践方案,论证县域典型模式设计方法的适用性。对研究与实践中存在的问题,提出开展生态价值核算、出台县级层面的评价标准和规范、开展试点示范、出台经济激励与优惠政策等建议,进一步深化“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念探索实践。     

氧化-负载铁组合工艺改性活性炭及其对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除

通过氧化-负载铁组合工艺对活性炭进行改性,对比了不同氧化剂(硝酸/磷酸)对改性效果的影响,利用Boehm、FT-IR、BET、XRD对改性活性炭(ACNF/ACPF)进行了表征,并对改性活性炭吸附水中痕量Cr(Ⅵ)的性能进行了研究。结果显示:硝酸与磷酸氧化均可显著增加活性炭表面酸性官能团数量,提高表面亲水性;改性后活性炭比表面积、孔体积和平均孔径均减小;负载的铁主要以铁(氢)氧化物形式存在于活性炭表面(ACPF)和介孔(ACNF)中;在Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度0.5 mg/L,pH值3.0,活性炭投加量100 mg/L时,吸附12 h达到平衡,ACNF对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率达到97.82%,出水Cr(Ⅵ)剩余浓度降至0.05 mg/L以下,满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)要求,改性可显著提高对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附容量。     

餐厨垃圾两相与单相厌氧消化过程参数分析

在(55±0.2) ℃温度下,以餐厨垃圾为原料,分别进行两相与单相厌氧消化实验,两相实验设置不同初始pH的反应组,比较两相与单相厌氧消化的产气效率、有机酸、营养物质和酶活性等的变化。结果表明,餐厨垃圾两相厌氧消化可以提高产甲烷效率,初始pH 8.5餐厨垃圾组的甲烷产量最高为178.3 mL/g COD,比单相厌氧消化提高了338%;另外,两相厌氧消化中氢气最高可达14.12 mL/g TS。餐厨垃圾两相厌氧消化产酸相的初始pH会影响产氢和产甲烷的效率,氢气和甲烷的产量随初始pH的升高而呈增加趋势。淀粉酶活性在两相实验组的产酸相及单相实验组均呈现先升后降的变化,最高活性分别为0.542 mg/(mL·min)和0.298 mg/(mL·min);蛋白酶活性在产酸相达到最高,为1.70 μg/(mL·min);脱氢酶活性在初始pH为9.0的实验组达到最高,为145 μg/(mL·h),分别是空白和单相实验组的113.3%和120.8%。     

神农丹农药恶臭废气资源化治理研究

采用资源化治理方式,对神农丹农药废气进行治理研究,结果表明:选择安全环保的氧化剂,将具有恶臭气味的二甲基硫醚废气氧化成无臭的二甲基亚砜.通过对反应时间、物料配比、反应温度、铁屑催化的实验研究,优化了工艺条件,将二甲基硫醚彻底氧化为二甲基亚砜,使污染物变废为宝,并在华阳集团建成了治理装置,实现了资源化和无害化治理.     

LCA of local strategies for energy recovery from waste in England, applied to a large municipal flow

An intense waste management (WM) planning activity is currently undergoing in England to build the infrastructure necessary to treat residual wastes, increase recycling levels and the recovery of energy from waste. From the analyses of local WM strategic and planning documents we have identified the emerging of three different energy recovery strategies: established combustion of residual waste; pre-treatment of residual waste and energy recovery from Solid Recovered Fuel in a dedicated plant, usually assumed to be a gasifier; pre-treatment of residual waste and reliance on the market to accept the ‘fuel from waste’ so produced. Each energy recovery strategy will result in a different solution in terms of the technology selected; moreover, on the basis of the favoured solution, the total number, scale and location of thermal treatment plants built in England will dramatically change. To support the evaluation and comparison of these three WM strategy in terms of global environmental impacts, energy recovery possibilities and performance with respect to changing ‘fuel from waste’ market conditions, the LCA comparison of eight alternative WM scenarios for a real case study dealing with a large flow of municipal wastes was performed with the modelling tool WRATE. The large flow of waste modelled allowed to formulate and assess realistic alternative WM scenarios and to design infrastructural systems which are likely to correspond to those submitted for approval to the local authorities. The results show that all alternative scenarios contribute to saving abiotic resources and reducing global warming potential. Particularly relevant to the current English debate, the performance of a scenario was shown to depend not from the thermal treatment technology but from a combination of parameters, among which most relevant are the efficiency of energy recovery processes (both electricity and heat) and the calorific value of residual waste and pre-treated material. The contribution and relative importance of recycling and treatment/recovery processes change with the impact category. The lack of reprocessing plants in the area of the case study has shown the relevance of transport distances for recyclate material in reducing the efficiency of a WM system. Highly relevant to the current English WM infrastructural debate, these results for the first time highlight the risk of a significant reduction in the energy that could be recovered by local WM strategies relying only on the market to dispose of the ‘fuel from waste’ in a non dedicated plant in the case that the SRF had to be sent to landfill for lack of treatment capacity.     

A multilevel perspective of interpersonal trust: Individual,dyadic, and cross‐level predictors of performance

While it is generally known that interpersonal trust facilitates individual functioning, few studies have examined the role of specific features of the interpersonal trust network — individual, dyadic, third‐party, and network‐level features — on individual performance. We adopt a multilevel perspective of interpersonal trust to examine how individuals' performance is not only predicted by their individual‐level centrality in the interpersonal trust network but also moderated, at the network level, by the overall centralized nature of that network. Further, we examine whether mutual trust relationships at the dyadic level, as well as shared trust ties to common third parties, can predict individuals' performance. We test our hypotheses with 206 members in 15 professional networking groups and find that interpersonal trust operates at multiple levels to predict members' performance in terms of generating income from business referrals. These findings provide theoretical and practical implications on how interpersonal trust relationships operate and can be managed for performance gains. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Disinfection byproduct formation from algal organic matters after ozonation or ozone combined with activated carbon treatment with subsequent chlorination

Algal organic matter (AOM), including extracellular organic matter (EOM) and intracellular organic matter (IOM) from algal blooms, is widely accepted as essential precursors of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). This study evaluated the effect of ozonation or ozone combined with activated carbon (O₃-AC) treatment on characteristic alternation and DBP formation with subsequent chlorination of Chlorella sp.. The effects of pH and bromide concentration on DBP formation by ozonation or O₃-AC treatment were also investigated. Results showed that the potential formation of DBPs might be attributed to ozonation, but these DBP precursors could be further removed by activated carbon (AC) treatment. Moreover, the formation of target DBPs was controlled at acidic pH by alleviating the reactions between chlorine and AOM. Besides, the bromide substitution factor (BSF) value of trihalomethanes (THMs) from EOM and IOM remained constant after AC treatment. However, THM precursors could be significantly decreased by AC treatment. The above results indicated that O₃-AC was a feasible treatment method for algal-impacted water.     

老化作用对微塑料吸附四环素的影响及其机制

微塑料（MPs）和抗生素同为新型污染物,微塑料可以在水环境中吸附抗生素并作为其载体而共同迁移,而微塑料会在环境中不断地老化,其吸附能力和吸附机制也会随之改变.以聚乙烯（PE）和聚苯乙烯（PS）为目标MPs,通过紫外法（UV-254）进行照射,对比老化前后微塑料颜色、表面形态和官能团等理化特性改变,以及其对四环素（TC）吸附的影响,探讨了相关影响机制.结果表明,准二级动力学模型能较好地模拟吸附过程,在24 h内达到吸附平衡,老化微塑料对TC的吸附量明显高于原始微塑料,且PS的吸附量高于PE.Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程均能较好地描述吸附等温试验数据,TC在微塑料上的吸附是自发的和吸热的物理吸附过程,老化作用对微塑料吸附热力学特性无明显影响.随着pH值的增加,吸附量先增大后减小,老化前后的微塑料均在pH=5时达到最大吸附量.紫外老化增加了微塑料的比表面积,生成了—C＝O、—OH和O＝C＝O等含氧官能团,改变了微塑料的理化特性,从而改变了微塑料对TC的吸附机制：相比原始PE微塑料,老化PE除了疏水分配、范德华力和静电作用外,孔填充也是吸附的重要机制;原始PS微塑料的主要吸附机制为疏水分配、范德华力、π-π作用和静电作用,老化PS则增加了氢键和孔填充作用.     

两级混合稳定表流湿地处理生活污水

为了提高一级稳定表流湿地(stable surface flow wetland,SSFW)的出水水质,在单级稳定表流湿地后串联一级潜流人工湿地,构成两级混合稳定表流湿地(two steps hybrid stable surface flow wetland,TSHSSFW),研究气候变化对其净化效果的影响,并同一级潜流人工湿地(one step subsurface flow wetland,OSSFW)进行对比。研究表明,气候变化对TSHSSFW的COD和总磷去除率影响较小,去除率均在80%左右;而对氨氮和总氮的去除率影响比较大,夏季TSHSSFW的氨氮和总氮去除率分别为87.77%和77.74%,而冬季氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为54.07%和48.84%。相比单级潜流人工湿地(OSSFW),有SSFW作为前处理的潜流人工湿地对氨氮和总氮的去除率较高。