Estimation of the possibility of cladoceran invasion and survival under conditions of competition in mesotrophic Lake Glubokoe

A possibility of introducing alien cladoceran species into the pelagial zone of mesotrophic Lake Glubokoe has been estimated. For this purpose, observations have been performed on the cohorts of alien species (Daphnia magna and Simocephalus exspinosus) and aboriginal species (Daphnia hyalina and Diaphanosoma brachyurum). The results show that competition is a factor preventing the introduction of weak competitors, such as D. magna, but admitting stronger competitors, e.g., S. exspinosus. Competition in the lake may influence not only the species structure of the zooplanktonic community, but also its vertical distribution.     

盘锦市有机食品基地水质状况分析

通过对盘锦市有机食品基地进行监测，结果表明：水稻全生长期灌溉水质均符合标准，以氟化物、硫酸盐、氯化物为首要污染物，稻田水质好于上水线水质，成熟期水质好于其它生长期。     

A botanical importance rating system for estuaries

In many semi-arid areas, estuaries are threatened because of freshwater impoundment. Estuaries are important sites for ecological diversity and, increasingly, for recreation. A system has been developed which rates estuaries according to their botanical importance. A formula allows a single numerical importance score to be calculated. The area cover of each estuarine plant community type (i.e. intertidal salt marsh, submerged macrophytes, reed/sedge swamps and supratidal salt marsh) and its importance in the estuary forms the basis of the score. The ‘ecological condition’ of the plant community and the community richness within the estuary are incorporated into the formula. The formula is effective in determining the botanical importance of estuaries. Further methods to determine the zoological, physical and socio-economic importance of estuaries need to be developed to allow the overall importance of estuaries to be determined.     

Competition between the Rotifers Brachionus patulusand Euchlanis dilatata:Effect of Algal Food Level and Relative Initial Densities of Competing Species

We tested the effect of different algal (Chlorella vulgaris) levels and inoculation densities on the outcome of competition between the rotifers Euchlanis dilatata and Brachionus patulus. The experiment was performed in 36 transparent jars, each with 20 ml of a test medium. We used three Chlorella levels: 0.75 × 10⁶, 1.5 × 10⁶, and 3.0 × 10⁶ cells/ml. For each algal level, we used five different ratios of initial inoculation density. The population growth experiments were terminated after 19 days. Regardless of inoculation densities, an increase in food level resulted in an increased population abundance of both rotifer species. Regardless of food concentration,E. dilatatawas able to outcompete B. patulus at all inoculation densities when grown together. However, when Chlorella was offered in low concentration and there was a higher ratio of Brachionus to Euchlanis at the onset of the experiment, both rotifer species coexisted in more or less equal densities until the end of the experiments. When the food level was enhanced, E. dilatata totally eliminated B. patulus. The rate of population growth ranged from 0.002 to 0.578 for B. patulus and from 0.006 to 0.447 for E. dilatata. The results are discussed with respect to the factors influencing the outcome of competition between species.     

核电站气载放射性流出物环境辐射剂量计算

计算大亚湾核电站正常工况下气载放射性流出物对80km的大气环境防护距离内的公众所致辐射剂量。根据大亚湾核电站2001年气载放射性流出物排放量,逐时观测气象数据及相关参数,选用修正的高斯烟羽模型和美国核管会导则1.109的食物链模型,运用美国橡树岭国家实验室编制的AIRDOS-EPA程序,程序经修改后适合于中国核设施的计算。计算得到2001年大亚湾核电站气态放射性流出物对周边80km范围内的公众所致的年均集体剂量为4.722E-3人·希,最大个人有效剂量为1.362E-8希。结果表明,2001年大亚湾核电站正常工况下,气载放射性流出物对周围公众造成的剂量当量远低于国家标准,对周边地区居民健康几乎没有影响。     

沈阳北部污水处理厂优化运行管理实践

满负荷运行、达标排放是运行管理的使命和责任,摸索运行规律是优化运行管理的基础和前提,变废为宝资源利用是动力和方向。     

The role of plant leaf attributes in linking land use to ecosystem function in temperate grassy vegetation

We tested predictions of the relative changes in plant leaf traits in response to land uses in Australian eucalypt grassy ecosystems. Predictions were determined from responses observed in European landscapes in relation to disturbances associated with agricultural land uses. We measured specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC) across five land uses: reference sites (closest to pre-European state), native pastures (unfertilized), fertilized pastures, sown pastures (cultivated and fertilized) and enriched grassland (previously fertilized, no longer grazed). Leaves were expected to have higher SLA and lower LMDC at sites with increasing fertility and/or disturbance.The predictions were confirmed, with SLA increasing progressively in land uses associated with (1) grazing; (2) grazing and fertilization; (3) grazing, fertilization and cultivation. Values for LDMC were closely (but inversely) correlated with those of SLA. For both traits, there were relationships with available soil phosphorus but not with soil total nitrogen. The positive correlation of SLA with phosphorus was not evident above 30 mg kg⁻¹, the recommended level of phosphorus for improved pastures.Results confirm patterns of leaf-trait response to disturbance that reflect fundamental constraints to plant survival in habitats with different levels of resources and disturbances. A conservative strategy for low productivity undisturbed habitats is associated with low SLA and high dry matter content in contrast to fertile disturbed habitats which select for high SLA and low dry matter content. The changes in leaf traits across land uses resulted from species substitution rather than variation within species across sites, and most notably the replacement of native by annual exotic species as land use intensifies.Recommended fertilization rates for pasture production convert the ground layer to plants with soft, digestible leaves, that are responsive to fertilizer and desirable for livestock production. However, fertilization also drastically reduces the diversity of native plants and annual plants tend to dominate. The trade-off associated with high production includes increased vulnerability to soil erosion, due to reduced plant cover and low persistence of cover. If alternative ecosystem values such as erosion control, water quality, salinity control and biodiversity persistence are required, incentives may be needed to offset the loss of production that can be gained from fertilizer application.     

稳定同位素技术在河岸带功能研究中的应用

简要概述稳定同位素技术在生态学的应用领域,通过对河岸带反硝化作用限制因素、效率以及机理的回顾,体现稳定同位素技术应用的优势。重点阐述该技术在研究河岸带功能实现机理、分析河岸带生态系统物质来源和时空迁移转化规律以及研究河岸带与外界环境物质联系,生态系统食物网络组成及营养级关系中的应用,指出其能够科学反映物质空间变化和时间累积效应的特点。稳定同位素技术与传统地球化学技术的结合对国内河岸带功能研究以及生态河岸带建设具有重大的实际应用价值。     

黄岛电厂附近海域热环境容量计算

阐述了热环境容量的内涵,并在潮流数值模型的基础上建立了热扩散模型.利用模型试算法计算了黄岛电厂附近海域的热环境容量和剩余热环境容量,经计算,黄岛电厂附近海域的热环境容量为1 484.10 ℃·m3/s,剩余热环境容量为1 124.52 ℃·m3/s.该结果为电厂设计方案提供环境方面的决策依据.     

餐厨垃圾管理和处理方法探析

文章一方面介绍了餐厨垃圾的产生、管理及处理现状,简述了餐厨垃圾资源化方式和各自的优缺点;另一方面剖析了餐厨垃圾处理难的原因,进而探讨了餐厨垃圾规范处理的对策措施。