广东罗非鱼养殖区水体和鱼体中重金属、HCHs、DDTs含量及风险评价

利用气相色谱(GC-ECD)、原子吸收和原子荧光法,对广东罗非鱼主要养殖区鱼塘水体及罗非鱼肌肉中Cu、Pd、Cd、As、HCHs和DDTs进行检测,同时应用了不同评价模型对罗非鱼食用安全进行健康风险评价.结果表明,Cu、Pd、Cd、As、BHCs和DDTs在4个不同养殖区水体中含量范围分别为:nd~0.101 mg·L-1、nd~0.097 mg·L-1、nd~0.003 27 mg·L-1、0.012 1~0.081 27mg·L-1、2.63~37.18 ng·L-1和2.05~12.21 ng·L-1.主要罗非鱼养殖区水体中BHCs、DDTs含量大小依次为:茂名>广州>惠州>肇庆,仍有新的γ-HCH输入.罗非鱼肌肉中残留Cu、Pd、Cd、As含量均值分别为0.805 6、0.409 6、0.070 6、0.257 mg·kg-1,BHCs和DDTs含量均值分别为12.21 mg·kg-1和13.21 mg·kg-1;采用美国国家环境保护署(EPA)推荐的评价模型对食用罗非鱼健康风险进行评价,结果表明除As可能存在致癌风险外,Cu、Pd、Cd、HCHs和DDTs的致癌和非致癌风险均低于国际放射性辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平,表明罗非鱼肌肉中HCHs、DDTs和重金属对人体健康风险处于较低水平.     

基于CMAQ模式和自适应偏最小二乘回归法的中国地区PM2.5浓度动力-统计预报方法研究

采用CMAQ模式和自适应偏最小二乘回归法相结合的动力-统计预报方法,对2014年1—12月全国252个环境监测站的PM_(2.5)浓度逐时预报值进行了滚动订正,分析了订正前后PM_(2.5)浓度的时空变化特征,重点研究该方法在中国不同地区不同季节的适用性.结果表明:CMAQ模式预报的PM_(2.5)浓度年平均和秋冬季季节平均偏差表现为非均匀空间分布特征,即辽宁、山东部分地区、川渝地区及华中、华东、华南大部分地区预报偏高,京津冀和西部大部分地区预报偏低;订正后PM_(2.5)浓度与实测值的空间分布较一致,上述偏高和偏低地区的PM_(2.5)浓度预报误差显著减小;秋冬季PM_(2.5)浓度预报和订正偏差均大于年平均值.全国区域平均PM_(2.5)浓度实测值存在明显的季节变化特征,1—3月和11—12月较大,其他月份较小;PM_(2.5)浓度预报误差较大,多数时刻预报偏低,尤其是1—3月和11—12月偏低较明显;订正后PM_(2.5)浓度与实测值较接近,而且时间变化趋势较一致,秋冬季PM_(2.5)浓度预报和订正偏差亦明显大于春夏季.秋冬季4个重点污染区域中,京津冀地区PM_(2.5)实测浓度的区域平均值较大,川渝地区次之,长三角和珠三角地区较小;珠三角地区PM_(2.5)浓度预报和订正效果较好,川渝和长三角地区次之,京津冀地区相对较差;经滚动订正后,全年和秋冬季时段PM_(2.5)浓度订正值与实测值的相关系数均显著增加,误差显著减小,尤其是秋冬季订正效果较好.川渝地区的订正改进幅度最大,长三角和京津冀地区次之,珠三角地区较小.本文方法均适用于非污染日和污染日全国范围的PM_(2.5)预报浓度订正,两种天气过程PM_(2.5)浓度的订正效果均较好;该方法对于改进京津冀地区污染日的PM_(2.5)浓度预报更有效,其他3个地区非污染日的订正改进效果优于污染日.本文研究结果可为改进空气质量预报、重霾污染天气预警和防治提供新技术途径和科学依据.     

MM5/WRF气象场模拟差异对CMAQ空气质量预报效果的影响

评估了为公共多尺度空气质量模式(CMAQ)提供气象输入场的第五代NCAR/Penn State中尺度 (MM5) 模式与天气研究和预报(WRF)模式模拟的多种气象要素的准确性;比较了2个模式提供的气象场对华北地区SO₂和NO₂源同化反演效果及其质量浓度预报的差异;分析了相对湿度和边界层高的变化对ρ(SO₂),ρ(NO₂)预报的影响及其物理机制.结果表明:WRF模式模拟的各气象要素准确性优于MM5模式,其中MM5模式对相对湿度和边界层高度的模拟值与实测值的偏差较明显,而WRF模式的模拟值与实测值较接近;相对湿度和边界层高度参数是影响CMAQ空气质量预报的关键气象要素,这2个参数的变化对ρ(SO₂)和ρ(NO₂)的预报有显著影响,因此,对2个参数的改进可显著减小预报误差;ρ(SO₂)模拟误差减小的主要原因是垂直输送和质量调整过程对ρ(SO₂)的贡献减小;而ρ(NO₂)模拟误差减小的主要原因是化学反应过程对ρ(NO₂)的贡献明显减小.      

垃圾填埋场地下水污染对居民健康的风险评价

调查了某垃圾填埋场地下水和周边居民饮用水中的As、Hg等重金属和挥发酚等有机物的污染状况,运用美国环保局的健康风险计算模型,评估了该垃圾填埋场地下水对周边居民的潜在健康风险。结果表明,各类人群对4种有阈化合物的饮食和皮肤暴露的终身健康危险度在8．2×10^-11～1．3×10^-10之间,均低于可以接受的风险水平10^-6;对As的终身超额健康危险度在3．1×10^-7～4．9×10^-7之间,表明地下水中砷污染对居民潜在的致癌风险不明显。各类人群通过皮肤对Hg、As、Cd和挥发酚的暴露剂量比通过饮水暴露的剂量高0．7倍～14．5倍,皮肤暴露将是地下水影响人体健康并构成潜在风险的重要途径。     

上海市文教区屋面径流水质特性研究

在对2003～2006 年上海市文教区屋面径流进行监测的基础上,分析了屋面径流污染物的出流过程,并应用统计分析方法对屋面径流水质及其影响因素进行了探讨.结果表明,屋面径流污染物EMC的对数正态概率分布均呈现出良好的线性分布,说明污染物EMC具有较好的正态分布性;上海市文教区屋面径流污染物COD、SS、BOD5、NH4 -N、TP和TN的EMC中值浓度分别为42.6、76.9、15.2、1.61、0.14和4.8 mg/L;通过聚类分析可知,屋面径流水质整体上受大气沉降等污染物累积效应的影响最大,而受雨水冲刷作用的影响次之.     

上海市轨道交通与地面交通换乘场站局地空气污染调查与评价

对上海市轨道交通与地面交通换乘场站局地环境空气质量进行了调查,结果表明,万体馆站空气污染较重,大气污染达到警戒水平,PM10及NO2超标频率及超标量较高。中山公园监测点PM10及CO超标较多。对照点张江高科点及静安点的环境空气质量相对较好,上海大气质量指数能够达到大气环境质量标准,污染物单因子超标轻微。在地面交通与轨道交通的换乘场站,集聚的机动车所排放的尾气,是造成该地区环境空气质量恶化的重要原因之一。     

Identification of two new cytochrome P450 genes and RNA interference to evaluate their roles in detoxification of commonly used insecticides in Locusta migratoria

Composite samples of Australian farmed Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi) (YTKF) (n = 27), Mulloway (Argyrosomus hololepidotus) (n = 6) and manufactured feed (n = 5) were analysed to benchmark levels of a broad range of residues and contaminants of potential public health and trade significance. A subset of these samples [YTKF (n = 5), Mulloway (n = 2) and feed (n = 5)] was analysed for dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The mean concentration of dioxins in YTKF was 0.6 pg TEQ g⁻¹ (range 0.22-0.8) and in Mulloway was 0.16 pg TEQ g⁻¹ (range 0.16-0.16). The mean concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in YTKF was 2.6 pg TEQ g⁻¹ (range 1.4-3.5), while Mulloway had a mean concentration of 0.67 pg TEQ g⁻¹ (range 0.57-0.76). The mean concentration of PCBs in YTKF was 21 μg kg⁻¹ (range 8.6-29) and in Mulloway was 5.4 μg kg⁻¹ (mean 4.7-6). The mean concentration of dioxin-like PCBs in YTKF was 2.1 pg TEQ g⁻¹ (range 1.2-2.8) and in Mulloway was 0.51 pg TEQ g⁻¹ (range 0.41-0.61). The mean mercury concentration in YTKF was 0.03 mg kg⁻¹ (range 0.02-0.05) and in Mulloway it was 0.02 mg kg⁻¹ (range 0.02-0.04). There were no detectable levels of any pesticide or antimicrobial compounds in any sample of YTKF or Mulloway. Attention is drawn to technical differences in port of entry testing programs such as sampling strategies, portion tested, laboratory methodology, residue definitions and reporting conventions that exporters’ products may be subject to. All residues and contaminants were either undetectable or present at very low levels when judged against Australian, Japanese and European Union regulatory standards (where set).     

杭嘉湖地区淡水水产养殖污染物排放总量的研究

对杭嘉湖地区各种养殖模式选择有代表性的养殖品种,在养殖周期内分不同养殖阶段对其养殖水域进行CODCr、氨氮、总磷等有机污染物浓度测试,结合养殖池塘的产量、排水量等基本情况确定杭嘉湖地区水产养殖污染物排放系数。根据排放系数和区域水产养殖产量,计算得出杭嘉湖地区淡水水产养殖CODCr、氨氮、总磷等污染物的排放量。     

论水污染物排放统计指标体系

水污染物排放统计指标体系包括水污染物排放统计指标以及排放管理指标,统计对象主要是规模以上点源。实施统计的污染源的规模应当是全国统一的。统计指标区分为指标、主要参数和辅助参数,既便于理解也便于管理;将排放指标细化为污染源排放量、入河排放量和通量使得排放概念更加清晰,有利于水环境管理。对入河排放量和污染源排放量的比较,可以确定纳入统计范围的污染源的代表性,对通量和入河排放量的比较可以推断非点源污染物排放状况。以流域为单元的,以通量、入河排放量和污染源排放量为主要概念的排放统计管理方式,有助于提高流域水污染防治的确定性和一致性。     

Source characterization of fine and coarse particles at the East Mediterranean coast

Fine and coarse atmospheric particles were collected in Ashdod—a midsize industrial city on the southeastern Mediterranean coast, and in Gedera—a rural site, to characterize ambient particles and to determine their long-range transport during two major seasons—winter and summer. Manual PM2.5 and PM10 samplers, dichotomous samplers, continuous automated PM10 samplers, and denuders were used to sample particulate and gaseous pollutants.Fine and coarse concentrations in Ashdod were 21.2 and 39.6 μg m⁻³, and 23.9 and 30.5 μg m⁻³ in the fall–winter and summer campaigns, respectively. Crustal material, as calcites or dolomites mixed with silicates, dominated the coarse fraction and also the fine fraction on dusty days. In the fall–winter, S, P, and Ni were coupled with minerals. Coarse Ni was associated with crustal material during dust storms, while P originated from shipping and deposition of phosphates in the urban area around.Sulfates dominated the fine fractions in the summer season averaging 12 μg m⁻³. Multivariate analysis indicated that S was associated with As and Se, V and Ni, both associated with heavy fuel combustion, and Zn and Pb. In winter, those mixed sources were local, but in summer they were part of long-range transport. In the fall–winter, Zn and Pb were strongly associated with Mn, Ga, and Cu—elements emitted from either traffic or metal processing plants.Although the influence of crustal material on both size fractions was significant, most heavy metals were associated with PM2.5. Higher concentrations were linked to a larger number of particles in this fraction, to a larger surface area available for biochemical reaction [Harrison, R., Shi, J., Xi, S., Khan, A., Mark, D., Kinnersley, R., Yin, J., Philos, T., 2000. Measurement of number, mass and size distribution of particles in the atmosphere. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 358, 2567–2579], and finally to a larger concern in regards to health effects.