WRF-Fluent耦合模式的构建及其对城市大气扩散的精细化模拟

为了准确刻画城市环境中的复杂建筑结构对大气运动和污染物输送及扩散过程的影响,结合中尺度模式WRF和微尺度模式Fluent构建了单向耦合的WRF-Fluent模式,并将其应用于榆中县城区高架源排放情景下大气扩散的模拟研究.基于城市气象/示踪外场试验期间获取的气象数据对WRF模式的模拟性能进行验证,发现WRF能够为Fluent提供比较准确的随时间变化的气象驱动场.在此基础上,将榆中县城区三维几何模型嵌入到WRF-Fluent中,对城区内的流场及污染烟羽的时空演变过程进行精细化模拟,并将模拟结果与实测示踪物浓度数据进行比对.结果显示,WRF-Fluent模式可以很好地描述城区内的复杂三维风场结构以及污染烟羽随时间的动态变化特征,而且模拟的地面和城市冠层顶浓度最大值基本位于观测值的0.3~3倍之内,这表明构建的WRF-Fluent模式具有较好的模拟性能,可作为一种有效的工具应用于实际城市规划和空气质量改善以及环境风险评估等方面的研究.     

A stochastic-advective transport model for NAPL dissolution and degradation in non-uniform flows in porous media

Remediation schemes for contaminated sites are often evaluated to assess their potential for source zone reduction of mass, or treatment of the contaminant between the source and a control plane (CP) to achieve regulatory limits. In this study, we utilize a stochastic stream tube model to explain the behavior of breakthrough curves (BTCs) across a CP. At the local scale, mass dissolution at the source is combined with an advection model with first-order decay for the dissolved plume. Field-scale averaging is then employed to account for spatial variation in mass within the source zone, and variation in the velocity field. Under the assumption of instantaneous mass transfer from the source to the moving liquid, semi-analytical expressions for the BTC and temporal moments are developed, followed by derivation of expressions for effective velocity, dispersion, and degradation coefficients using the method of moments. It is found that degradation strongly influences the behavior of moments and the effective parameters. While increased heterogeneity in the velocity field results in increased dispersion, degradation causes the center of mass of the plume to shift to earlier times, and reduces the dispersion of the BTC by lowering the concentrations in the tail. Modified definitions of effective parameters are presented for degrading solutes to account for the normalization constant (zeroth moment) that keeps changing with time or distance to the CP. It is shown that anomalous dispersion can result for high degradation rates combined with wide variation in velocity fluctuations. Implications of model results on estimating cleanup times and fulfillment of regulatory limits are discussed. Relating mass removal at the source to flux reductions past a control plane is confounded by many factors. Increased heterogeneity in velocity fields causes mass fluxes past a control plane to persist, however, aggressive remediation between the source and CP can reduce these fluxes.     

影响街区峡谷浓度扩散的因素

对街区峡谷内污染扩散规律的研究是城市空气质量预测的主要内容之一。应用现代流体力学数值模拟方法进行大量算例的计算和分析,研究了城市街区峡谷污染物二维扩散的规律。在分析二维街区峡谷内浓度扩散的规律时,发现对街区峡谷浓度扩散的两个影响因素,其中定量分析了湍流脉动对浓度扩散的影响,与层流时得到的浓度扩散进行了通量积分的比较;此外,定性分析了不同类型的街区峡谷对扩散的影响。     

突发性大气污染事件数字化动态应急预案系统及其应用

针对近些年频繁发生的突发性大气污染事件,构建了数字化动态应急预案系统。该系统由基础信息数据库、气象环境模式与健康风险评估系统、数字化动态应急预案三部分组成,并利用地理信息系统将三者有机结合,将事故基本信息、事故发展预测及救援状况直观、动态地展现在系统界面,使应急行动得以及时、高效地展开。实地外场综合应急演习证明,该系统技术路线稳定畅通,运行高效,功能强大,具有较好的可行性和实效性。     

含硫天然气净化厂硫化氢泄漏分析及对策

以川东北某含硫天然气净化厂为对象,通过分析该净化厂的处理工艺及可能造成泄漏的各种原因,确定了硫化氢泄漏危险较高的生产单元。通过工艺压力、流量、物料组分的比对,选取了脱硫单元原料气和硫磺回收单元酸性气作为模拟泄漏物料。对该厂所在地的气象条件和厂区的地形地貌进行了调查,净化厂当地近5年风速、云量统计表明低风速和多云为主导天气,将D1.5m/s作为模拟硫化氢泄漏扩散的典型气象条件。采用了美国石油学会(API)推荐地面粗糙度长度。运用PHAST软件计算了在典型气象条件下通过3种不同孔径泄漏1 min,5min和30min,形成的立即危及生命或健康(IDLH)范围。在典型气象条件下IDLH的下风向边界距离在41m至1190m范围内,以硫磺回收单元的大孔径泄漏为最远。以小孔泄漏为例模拟并讨论了风速、大气稳定度对硫化氢扩散的影响。为降低H2S泄漏风险提出了在线监测及联锁系统设置的要求,对避免和减少硫化氢中毒伤亡事故具有指导意义。     

基于Monte-Carlo方法的长输管道气体扩散模拟研究

目前气体扩散模拟研究多采用流体力学的计算方法,分析气体扩散过程中的动力学特性.有限体积、有限元等方法都需要对事故区域整体进行网格划分,计算过程效率无法满足长输管道事故应急跨区域、多气象以及复杂地形的要求.Monte-Carlo方法利用RAMS预测的平均风场,模拟有限气体粒子在风场中的随机行走特性,有效地弥补了计算效率与网格精度冲突所导致的模拟性能下降的缺点.通过HAVEGE方法收集计算的硬件信息熵形成随机源,修正了以往伪随机数问题,增强了Monte-Carlo方法的计算精度.结果表明Monte-Carlo气体扩散模拟研究方法满足了长输管道事故灾害应急决策的需要.     

Disentangling horizontal pay dispersion: Experimental evidence

Although horizontal pay dispersion has been explored extensively using cross‐sectional field methods, it has received little attention using the control available through experimental designs. Many of the questions relevant to pay dispersion research can be addressed by taking an individual‐level experimental approach because this allows for clean separation of pay policies and individual effects. In this paper, we hypothesize both the motivation‐based and affect‐based effects of pay dispersion policies and test our hypotheses with a sample of over 400 participants in a real‐pay, real‐effort experiment. Results of the experiment provide support that two pay dispersion‐related pay policies, performance‐based pay dispersion and allocation criteria, have unique effects. Whereas motivation and performance effects are direct, pay satisfaction and interest in continuing work effects are the result of interactions, incorporating the performance level of workers. In follow‐up analyses, we find evidence that the temporal nature of responses to pay dispersion should be incorporated into future studies of pay dispersion.     

Wave Enhancement of Diffusivities within Surficial Sediments

The enhancement of solute diffusivities within coastal surficial sediments as a result of wave action is examined. Fluctuating pressure gradients associated with passing waves cause interstitial water motions leading to enhanced diffusivities through the mechanism of shear dispersion. Wave amplification of diffusivities is likely to be greatest for waves of period 10 s, in shallow water, over a bottom of coarse grain. Diffusivity enhancement of hundreds of times molecular diffusivity is achievable. The mechanism is distinct from, but complements, the mechanism of rotational dispersion which has been previously described. Other mechanisms that enhance solute transport within surficial sediments rely on the interaction between wave-driven or steady flow over bottom obstructions such as biogenic structures or sand ripples. It is suggested that while the resulting advective flows may dominate solute transport within the top few 10 s of centimeters of the sediment column, shear dispersion may be more important deeper within the sediment. In any event, in contrast to these other mechanisms, shear dispersion is operative even when the seabed is flat. Application of the theory to sediments of the South Atlantic Bight would suggest that shear dispersion is capable of explaining a major part of the interstitial transport inferred from measurements.     

城市街区大气流动与汽车尾气扩散的三维数值模拟

道路交通已成为现代城市的主要污染源，利用数学模型预测汽车排放污染物对大气环境的影响成为主要手段。针对一个典型城市街区的大气流动和汽车排放物扩散问题进行三维数值模拟分析，揭示了污染物在不同高度建筑物。不同宽度街道和十字道路所组成的街区峡谷内外的大气流动和污染物迁移扩散特征，同时反映了街道走向的影响。研究表明：由于受街道布局和大气边界层的影响，污染物主要集中在街区峡谷内（特别是近地面附近)难以扩散，易造成局部高浓度污染；由于流场的非均匀性和三维特征，污染物浓度呈现非均匀扩散特性。     

排污总量控制的最优化原则探讨

从环境经济学的最优化原则出发，对上海市推行的排污总量控制，超量排污罚款和对允许排放量限度内的排污征收生态环境补偿费进行了论述。根据最优化原则，污染物排放总量应该设置在最佳污染物排放量点，并且不同的河段应该设置相应的允许排放量；单位超量排污罚款价格不可过低，并且应该随着超量排污的增长而增加，以一个合适的费率征收生态环境补偿费会促使企业不断改进它的污染物治理技术，从而减少对水体的污染。因此，这三才是将