酸雨的硫源及其硫同位素示踪综述

酸雨是目前人类所面临的主要环境问题之一。世界大部分地区为硫酸型酸雨,硫同位素的示踪研究对于探讨酸雨的来源与酸雨的治理具有重要的意义。本文论述了酸雨的不同硫源(人工成因硫、生物成因硫、远距离硫)的硫同位素组成特征;从煤的硫同位素组成、大气降水的硫同位素组成和小麦等植物的硫同位素组成等三方面来论述了酸雨来源的硫同位素示踪意义。     

沈阳市推行大气排污许可证制度的技术路线

沈阳市推行大气排污许可证制度的技术路线是点面结合全方位控制,即对重点污染源的控制与区域性的总量控制,简要介绍了推行这一技术路线的思路和试行结果。      

制定大气污染物排放指标的技术原则与方法

实施排放大气污染物许可证制度的技术核心是确定排污指标。该文根据我国目前的环境管理状况、可利用的污染控制技术及经济水平,分别论述了以管理目标总量控制和质量目标总量控制为基础的核定排放大气污染物许可限值的技术原则与方法,文中也初步分析了几个试点城市的典型经验      

化学合成类制药工业污染排放自行监测方案设计要点

阐述了化学合成类制药工业污染排放自行监测方案的编制依据,分析了化学合成制药的生产工艺与污染排放特征,在此基础上提出了自行监测方案的主要内容,以及监测点位、监测指标、监测频次设定的注意事项,并明确了特殊情况监测方案的设计原则及自行监测信息记录的相关内容。     

工业城市有机化工异味应急监测快速溯源

结合淄博化工园区有机化工异味的应急监测,研究了工业城市有机化工异味的快速溯源。针对多种异味混杂,现场利用便携式GC-MS对空气中引起异味的有机化合物进行定性和定量,结合三点比较式臭袋法测定厂界臭气浓度值,根据风向,对照企业污染物名单快速溯源,并根据测定结果和厂界臭气浓度限值对排污企业进行行政处理。     

Carbon monoxide concentrations in Santiago City at street levels and their vertical gradient

Carbon monoxide concentrations were measured at ground level (1 m) near heavy traffic streets in downtown Santiago de Chile in periods of low (November and December), intermediate (April) and high (May) ambient concentrations. Also, measurements were carried out at several heights (from 1 to 127 m) in Santiago’s main street during winter time. Measurements carried out at ground level show maximum values during the morning rush hour, with values considerably higher than those reported by the urban air quality network, particularly in summer time. However, the measured values are below air quality standards. Vertical CO profiles were measured in a tower located in the center of downtown. Below 40 m (average altitude of neighboring buildings), the profiles do not show a consistent vertical gradient, with CO concentrations increasing or decreasing with height, regardless of atmospheric stability. In this low altitude range, the observed vertical profiles are poorly predicted by a street canyon model, and the measured concentrations can not be described by a simple exponential decay. At higher altitudes (40 and 127 m) a negative gradient in CO concentrations is observed, both for stable and unstable atmospheric conditions. The values of CO measured at 127 m are relatively well described by an Eulerian dispersion model running with current CO emission inventories for Santiago, although this model tends to predict stepper CO gradients than the observed ones.     

垃圾填埋场地下水污染对居民健康的风险评价

调查了某垃圾填埋场地下水和周边居民饮用水中的As、Hg等重金属和挥发酚等有机物的污染状况,运用美国环保局的健康风险计算模型,评估了该垃圾填埋场地下水对周边居民的潜在健康风险。结果表明,各类人群对4种有阈化合物的饮食和皮肤暴露的终身健康危险度在8．2×10^-11～1．3×10^-10之间,均低于可以接受的风险水平10^-6;对As的终身超额健康危险度在3．1×10^-7～4．9×10^-7之间,表明地下水中砷污染对居民潜在的致癌风险不明显。各类人群通过皮肤对Hg、As、Cd和挥发酚的暴露剂量比通过饮水暴露的剂量高0．7倍～14．5倍,皮肤暴露将是地下水影响人体健康并构成潜在风险的重要途径。     

淀山湖水质状况及富营养化评价

对2001年—2007年淀山湖水质监测结果进行了分析和评价。结果表明,淀山湖的水质均未达到Ⅱ类水质标准,主要超标项目为氨氮、TP、TN、石油类、IMn、COD和BOD5。综合营养状态指数为60.79～63.57,均处于中度富营养状态,chla与石油类和透明度具有很好的相关性,与TP具有较好的负相关性,与BOD5具有一定的负相关性,与水温、DO、IMn、COD、氨氮、TN的相关性不显著。chla季节变化较为明显。     

Reactivity of Pyrogenic Carbonaceous Matter (PCM) in mediating environmental reactions: Current knowledge and future trends

• Pyrogenic Carbonaceous Matter (PCM) promote both chemical and microbial synergies. • Discussion of PCM-enhanced abiotic transformation pathways of organic pollutants. • Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) can mimic the performance of PCM. • CMPs offer a platform that allows for systematic variation of individual properties. Pyrogenic Carbonaceous matter (PCM; e.g., black carbon, biochar, and activated carbon) are solid residues from incomplete combustion of fossil fuel or biomass. They are traditionally viewed as inert adsorbents for sequestering contaminants from the aqueous phase or providing surfaces for microbes to grow. In this account, we reviewed the recently discovered reactivity of PCM in promoting both chemical and microbial synergies that are important in pollutant transformation, biogeochemical processes of redox-active elements, and climate change mitigation with respect to the interaction between biochar and nitrous oxide (N₂O). Moreover, we focused on our group’s work in the PCM-enhanced abiotic transformation of nitrogenous and halogenated pollutants and conducted in-depth analysis of the reaction pathways. To understand what properties of PCM confer its reactivity, our group pioneered the use of PCM-like polymers, namely conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs), to mimic the performance of PCM. This approach allows for the controlled incorporation of specific surface properties (e.g., quinones) into the polymer network during the polymer synthesis. As a result, the relationship between specific characteristics of PCM and its reactivity in facilitating the decay of a model pollutant was systematically studied in our group’s work. The findings summarized in this account help us to better understand an overlooked environmental process where PCM synergistically interacts with various environmental reagents such as hydrogen sulfide and water. Moreover, the knowledge gained in these studies could inform the design of a new generation of reactive carbonaceous materials with tailored properties that are highly efficient in contaminant removal.     

Effects of hydraulic retention time on net present value and performance in a membrane bioreactor treating antibiotic production wastewater

• The membrane bioreactor cost decreased by 38.2% by decreasing HRT from 72 h to 36 h. • Capital and operation costs contributed 62.1% and 37.9% to decreased costs. • The membrane bioreactor is 32.6% cheaper than the oxidation ditch for treatment. • The effluent COD also improved from 709.93±62.75 mg/L to 280±17.32 mg/L. • Further treatment also benefited from lower pretreatment investment. A cost sensitivity analysis was performed for an industrial membrane bioreactor to quantify the effects of hydraulic retention times and related operational parameters on cost. Different hydraulic retention times (72–24 h) were subjected to a flat-sheet membrane bioreactor updated from an existing 72 h oxidation ditch treating antibiotic production wastewater. Field experimental data from the membrane bioreactor, both full-scale (500 m³/d) and pilot (1.0 m³/d), were used to calculate the net present value (NPV), incorporating both capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operating expenditure. The results showed that the tank cost was estimated above membrane cost in the membrane bioreactor. The decreased hydraulic retention time from 72 to 36 h reduced the NPV by 38.2%, where capital expenditure contributed 24.2% more than operational expenditure. Tank construction cost was decisive in determining the net present value contributed 62.1% to the capital expenditure. The membrane bioreactor has the advantage of a longer lifespan flat-sheet membrane, while flux decline was tolerable. The antibiotics decreased to 1.87±0.33 mg/L in the MBR effluent. The upgrade to the membrane bioreactor also benefited further treatments by 10.1%–44.7% lower direct investment.