北京城市地表河流硝酸盐氮来源的氮氧同位素示踪研究

为了有效防治城市地表河流硝酸盐氮的污染并进行针对性水体治理,利用δ15N和δ18O双同位素示踪技术,对北京城区地表河流硝酸盐污染进行了溯源。选取北京9条河流的10个监测点,分析了硝酸盐氮污染的浓度分布特征,并运用MAT253氮氧双同位素技术解析了硝酸盐的各种来源。研究结果表明,北京城区地表河流硝酸盐氮污染自上游至下游逐渐加重,上游8个监测点的硝酸盐氮平均浓度在0.7～3.4 mg/L之间,下游东护城河和通惠河2处硝酸盐氮的浓度均值分别达7.6 mg/L和7.0 mg/L。利用同位素质谱MAT253分析,得知北京城区地表河流δ15N值总体分布范围为-1.2‰～+28.88‰,δ18O值分布范围为+0.09‰～+6.62‰,依据δ15N和δ18O的特征范围,得出北京城区地表河流硝酸盐来源主要是粪肥和污水。     

鄱阳湖水流运动与污染物迁移路径的粒子示踪研究

湖泊水流运动和污染物的迁移路径对湖泊水质起着关键作用。采用水动力和粒子示踪耦合模型,并结合野外粒子示踪实验来调查鄱阳湖洪水季节空间水流运动和污染物迁移路径。模拟结果显示,流域五河点源入湖污染物和湖区空间面源分布污染物均会沿着不同方向迅速进入湖泊主河道,在快速水流推动下逐渐向北部湖区迁移,但部分污染物因东北部湖湾区存在顺时针方向环流而发生长时间滞留和富集。野外粒子示踪实验同样表明,东北部湖湾区污染物迁移路径随着该湖区水流运动表现得复杂多变,除了可以明显观察到顺时针方向的污染物运动,还可以发现污染物向湖岸边界和湖汊迁移,最终滞留在东北部湖湾区,而康山湖区污染物在快速水流推动下主要沿主河道向西北主湖区迁移,未发现污染物进入东北部湖湾区的迹象。鄱阳湖洪水季节水流运动和污染物迁移路径具有枯水期水流-污染物传输特性。模拟得出鄱阳湖洪水期的平均换水周期约89 d,表明其可能需要近3个月时间才能彻底完成一次换水。研究成果可为大型通江湖泊"江湖关系变化"研究提供参考,对保护"一湖清水"、保障长江中下游水环境安全具有重要现实意义。     

Comparison of heavy metal loads in stormwater runoff from major and minor urban roads using pollutant yield rating curves

Trace metal export by stormwater runoff from a major road and local street in urban Sydney, Australia, is compared using pollutant yield rating curves derived from intensive sampling data. The event loads of copper, lead and zinc are well approximated by logarithmic relationships with respect to total event discharge owing to the reliable appearance of a first flush in pollutant mass loading from urban roads. Comparisons of the yield rating curves for these three metals show that copper and zinc export rates from the local street are comparable with that of the major road, while lead export from the local street is much higher, despite a 45-fold difference in traffic volume. The yield rating curve approach allows problematic environmental data to be presented in a simple yet meaningful manner with less information loss.     

Characteristics of the event mean concentration (EMC) from rainfall runoff on an urban highway

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characterization of the event mean concentration (EMC) of runoff during heavy precipitation events on highways. Highway runoff quality data were collected from the 7th highway, in South Korea during 2007-2009. The samples were analyzed for runoff quantity and quality parameters such as COD_cr, TSS, TPHs, TKN, NO₃, TP, PO₄ and six heavy metals, e.g., As, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn. Analysis of resulting hydrographs and pollutant graphs indicates that the peak of the pollutant concentrations in runoff occurs 20 min after the first rainfall runoff occurrence. The first flush effect depends on the preceding dry period and the rainfall intensity. The results of this study can be used as a reference for water quality management of urban highways.     

Comparison of the solution behaviour of a pyrite-calcite mixture in batch and unsaturated sand column

A successful application of reaction transport algorithms to calculate the chemical evolution of natural systems requires accurate methods to compute the rates of mineral/fluid surface reactions. Regarding the transport of radio-nuclides in mining dumps the dissolution of minerals is of special importance. Using a kinetic rate law of the mineral dissolution verified for unsaturated conditions will allow a realistic modelling of the mineral weathering in the environment. Dissolution rates of minerals in an aqueous solution are determined by several characteristics. These are surface reaction rates, morphology of the mineral's surface and, in case it is the unsaturated zone, the degree of the water saturation. For this process, the quantity of the particle surfaces which are in contact with percolating water is most decisive. In order to study the differences of mineral dissolution under saturated and unsaturated conditions batch and column experiments were carried out with a pyrite-calcite mixture. The experimental results were verified by calculations. Comparing the dissolution in batch with those in the column experiment, which was performed with a water flow velocity of 0.64 cm/day and was analyzed in the region of a water saturation of 0.11, one can conclude that only a small portion of about 5% of the grain surface is chemically reactive in this unsaturated flow.     

排污单位自行监测问题剖析及对策建议

自行监测是排污单位落实主体责任必然要求,是生态环境部门环境管理重要方式.回顾我国自行监测发展历程,梳理当前自行监测在监测方案制定、自动监测和委托第三方检测等方面问题,提出了规范自行监测方案制定、审核备案,加强监督检查,探索建立自动监测设备性能综合评价机制,加大自行监测数据分析和应用等方面建议,从而提高自行监测数据质量.     

分子生物学在生物强化处理环境污染物中的应用

综述了分子生物学的相关技术在生物强化处理环境污染物中的应用，主要包括：通过分子生物技术育种、筛选、构建高效降解污染物微生物菌株；提供更科学、快捷、准确多样的环境监测和环境评价技术手段；探索微生物与环境污染物间的相互关系，及微生物降解污染物的有关基因定位，相关主要技术有：核酸探针检测、DNA-DNA杂交，rRNA和rRNA基因序列分析。质粒指纹图谱分析、聚合酶链式反应（PCR）、低分子量PNA分布图及由PCR技术发展而带动的基因多态性技术，如变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）、随机扩增多态性DNA技术（RAPD）等。     

An improved ion-exchange/diffusion method for ～(15)N isotope tracing analysis of nitrate in surface waters from watersheds

An improved method,suitable for collecting nitrate from surface waters in the watershed for 15 N isotope tracing analysis,was developed on the basis of the anion exchange coupled with diffusion through systematic simulation and comparison experiments.The results showed that the nitrate could be separated and enriched from the waters efficiently by using the improved method.Being simple and practical in operation principle and procedures,cost-economic,and highly efficient in nitrate separation/enrichment,the method met the requirements of δ 15 N mass spectrum analysis and would lay a foundation for the application of 15 N isotope tracing approach to the research on non-point source pollution in watershed.     

大气降尘中重金属污染源解析研究进展

重金属污染是大气降尘污染的一个重要方面,治理污染首先要查明污染源。文章概述了近几年来国内外大气降尘重金属污染源解析的常用方法及其研究方法中的一些特点,重点阐述了铅、锶同位素示踪技术在大气降尘中重金属污染溯源研究中的应用,针对以往研究工作的不足和存在的问题,指出了今后重金属污染源解析研究中的重点:采用Pb、Sr同位素示踪法结合元素地球化学追踪重金属污染源和评价污染程度;利用Pb、Sr同位素示踪技术研究大气降尘重金属污染物的迁移转化规律。     

大气波导传播模型及特性分析

介绍了波导传播条件以及目前用于计算波导传播特性的2种模型——抛物方程模型和射线追踪技术。利用抛物方程模型计算了波导环境下,电磁波在不同的发射频率、不同位置处的传播损耗,利用射线追踪技术模拟了射线在波导中的传播轨迹和时延特性。结合不同的计算结果,综合分析了大气波导传播特性对通信系统的影响。