条形障碍物对瓦斯爆炸特性影响研究

我国煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故不断出现,造成了巨大的人员伤亡和经济损失,在置障条件下研究瓦斯爆炸特性,对预防和减少瓦斯爆炸事故具有重要意义。利用水平管道式爆炸试验装置,研究密闭管道内条形障碍物的数量和阻塞率对管道内瓦斯最大爆炸压力、火焰速度、最大爆炸压力上升速率和爆炸指数的影响以及敞口状态的影响。研究表明:障碍物对瓦斯爆炸具有显著激励作用,管道内瓦斯最大爆炸压力、火焰速度、最大爆炸压力上升速率和爆炸指数均显著增大,随着障碍物数量和阻塞率的增加,激励作用越明显;敞口状态下管道内最大爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率和爆炸指数均显著减小,火焰持续传播。研究结果对防治煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故提供一定的理论支持。     

煤炭自燃指标性气体确定的实验研究

矿井火灾是矿井五大灾害之一,煤炭自燃则是矿井火灾最主要的起因。为了了解煤炭氧化、自燃规律,本文采用TG-DSC技术研究了不同煤种在水分蒸发、吸氧增重、受热分解及燃烧等不同氧化阶段的氧化特征值;并采用TG-DSC-GC联用技术研究了不同煤种在整个氧化阶段的气体产物生成规律及其特征。在煤的低温氧化阶段,找出了CO等可作为判别煤自燃的指标性气体及C2H4等辅助指标性气体;并得出了各煤种氧化阶段的耗氧规律。     

松花江沉积物汞的新变化:分布、演化与现状及潜在生态风险评估

分析了第二松花江中下游和松花江干流表层沉积物中总汞的含量水平和分布规律,同期采集了牡丹江、黑龙江沉积物作为对照,并采用地累积指数法以及潜在生态风险指数法,初步评价了松花江沉积物中汞的污染状况和潜在的生态风险.结果表明,松花江10个断面沉积物总汞含量范围0.029~1.317 mg·kg~(-1),均值0.183 mg·kg~(-1).第二松花江3个典型断面沉积物总汞含量均显著高于松花江干流的7个典型断面(P0.05).地累积指数(Igeo)及潜在生态风险指数(Er)表明第二松花江3个典型断面沉积物汞污染程度为偏中度至重度污染,存在高度生态风险;松花江干流7个典型断面为轻度污染,具有较高生态风险.近10年松花江沉积物汞含量变化及空间分布结果显示,现阶段第二松花江沉积物汞含量有所下降,但松花江干流个别江段沉积物汞含量有所上升,应引起重视.     

Assessment of deep aquifer groundwater quality in a geographically unique climatic region of Southern Western Ghats,India using water quality indices

Water quality index (WQI) models are generally used in hydrochemical studies to simplify complex data into single values to reflect the overall quality. In this study, deep groundwater quality in the Chittur and Palakkad Taluks of the Bharathapuzha river basin of Kerala, India, was assessed by employing the WQI method developed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). The assessment of overall water quality is indispensable due to the specific characteristics of the study area, such as geography, climate, over-drafting, and prevalent agricultural practices. Forty representative samples were collected from the study area for monsoon (MON) and pre-monsoon (PRM) seasons. The results showed a general increase of contents from MON to PRM. The major cations were spread in the order Ca²⁺>Na+>Mg²⁺>K⁺ and the anions HCO₃⁻>Cl⁻>CO₃²⁻ based on their relative abundance. Among various parameters analysed, alkalinity and bicarbonate levels during MON were comparatively high, which is indicative of carbonate weathering, and 90% of the samples failed to meet the World Health Organization (WHO, 2017)/Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 2012) drinking water guidelines. The CCME WQI analysis revealed that nearly 50% of the samples during each season represented good and excellent categories. The samples in the poor category comprised 10% in MON and 15% in PRM. The overall WQI exhibited 15% of poor category samples as well. The spatial depiction of CCME WQI classes helped to expose zones of degraded quality in the centre to eastward parts. The spatial and temporal variations of CCME WQI classes and different physicochemical attributes indicated the influence of common factors attributing to the deep groundwater quality. The study also revealed inland salinity at Kolluparamba and Peruvamba stations, where agricultural activities were rampant with poor surface water irrigation.     

Five-wheel framework for system-based monitoring of heavy metal pollution in rivers

Sectorial approach for monitoring heavy metal pollution in rivers has failed to report realistic pollution status and associated ecological and human health risks. The increasing spread of heavy metals from different sources and emerging risks to human and environmental health call for reexamining heavy metal pollution monitoring frameworks. Also, the sources, spread, and load of heavy metals in the environment have changed significantly over time, requiring consequent modification in the monitoring frameworks. Therefore, studies on heavy metal monitoring in rivers conducted in the last decade were evaluated for experimental designs, research frameworks, and data presentations. Most studies (∼99%) (i) lacked inclusiveness of all environmental compartments; (ii) focused on “one pollutant – one/two compartment” or sometimes “one pollutant – one compartment – one effect” approach; and (iii) remained “data-rich but information poor.” An ecological approach with integrative system thinking is proposed to develop a holistic approach for monitoring river pollution. It is visualized that heavy metal monitoring, risk analyses, and water management must incorporate tracking pollutants in different environmental compartments of a river (water, sediment, and floodplain/bank soil) and consider correlating it with riverbank land use. The systems-based pollution monitoring and assessment studies will reveal the critical factors that drive heavy metals pollutant movement in ecosystems and associated potential risks to the environment, wildlife, and humans. Also, water quality and pollution indexing tools would help better communicate complex pollution data and associated risks among all stakeholders. Therefore, integrating systems approaches in scientific- and policy-based tools would help sustainably manage the health of rivers, wildlife, and humans.     

绥化市城市生态系统健康状况研究

针对当前城市生态系统健康问题,从自然、经济、社会三个子系统出发,运用数学模型对绥化市城市生态系统的健康水平进行了评价。结果表明,2000年-2004年绥化市生态系统综合健康处于亚健康状态,但有逐年好转的趋势。其中自然子系统的健康水平最好,对综合健康指数贡献值最大,经济和社会子系统健康水平相对较低,对综合健康指数的贡献值相对较小。提高经济和社会子系统的健康水平,使经济、社会和自然三大子系统健康协调发展是提高绥化市城市生态系统健康水平的关键。     

用“多因子空间叠加法”评价城市区域环境综合质量

对常用的环境影响评价的“单因子评价法”进行了扩充，在此基础上提出了一种评价城市区域环境综合质量的方法——“多因子空间叠加法”。该方法采用计算机辅助设计技术、运用区位理论分析影响区域环境质量的因子的作用分值及其权重，最后根据计算得出的综合分值进行评价。通过实例运用分析，表明该方法较好地表征出多个因子对评价区域的影响，得出一个较为全面的综合性结果。     

江苏省胶合板行业甲醛污染特征及排放系数

以年产量超过10 000 m3的生产企业为研究对象,采用现场调研与采样检测相结合的方法,分析江苏省胶合板行业甲醛污染特征和排放系数。筛选60家典型企业,计算其甲醛排放系数R值（甲醛/胶粘剂）和K值（甲醛/产值）两个指标,结果表明,该省胶合板企业R均值为0.001 65 kg/kg,K均值为0.46 kg/万元。使用酚醛树脂胶的胶合板经济附加值最高,且对大气环境更友好,脲醛树脂胶的甲醛排放系数最高,应逐步减少使用。     

青岛市城市资源、基础设施与其经济社会协调发展的定量评价和分析

在分析青岛市城市资源、基础设施条件与其经济社会发展之间关系的基础上．构建了多层次评价指标体系，对城市资源和基础设施这两大因素与青岛市经济社会发展的协调关系进行定量评价。结果表明,2001—2004年期间，青岛市城市盗源、基础设施与其经济社会各年度的协调发展度均大于0．8。其中,经济社会发展水平呈现持续增长的势头，而城市资源和基础设施的发展水平则呈现出波浪型态势。说明后者的发展尚不够稳定；另外．除了2002年城市资源与基础设施的发展超前于经济社会发展水平外。其余年份都是滞后的。今后要进一步加大对青岛市城市资源与基础设旌开发和建设的力度，以满足城市协调可持续发展的要求。     

东北玉米热量指数预测方法研究(Ⅲ)——GM(1,1)预测方法

GM(1,1)是开展时间序列环境要素变化趋势预测的有效方法之一。通过对东北地区玉米热量指数的分析,建立了热量指数时间变化趋势的GM(1,1)预测模型,各模型的平均预测精度虽低于逐步回归统计模型,但也都达91%以上,可以应用该模型的预测结果指导农业生产。