渝北区环境空气质量现状及污染原因分析

本文采用综合污染指数法和空气质量指数法对2014年重庆市渝北区的主要空气污染物(SO2、PM10、NO2、O3、CO、PM2.5)的现状监测值进行了评价。结果表明:对照环境空气质量标准,2014年城区内SO2、NO2均符合国家空气质量二级标准,PM10、PM2.5测定值均超标。污染物浓度时空分布不均匀,冬春季浓度较夏秋季高,出现明显的季节特征;空间分布上,两路空气质量优于空港。2014年渝北区环境空气中大部分污染物浓度均低于2013年和主城平均浓度,环境空气质量综合污染指数呈现下降趋势。2014年渝北区空气质量优良天数255天,高于2013年和主城优良天数,影响渝北区空气质量的首要污染物为PM2.5,其次为PM10、O3-8h、NO2。渝北区的环境空气污染主要受城市建设、产业结构、气象条件、交通尾气的影响。     

南京市环境保护能力建设探讨与研究

环保能力建设对于环保工作的顺利开展具有重要的支撑作用.目前南京市环保能力建设取得了一定的进步,然而,在经济新常态、绿色发展、政府简政放权、环保监察监测垂直化管理等新形势下,对照国家环境监管标准化,信息化和现代化的建设要求,南京市环保能力相对不足.文章基于南京环保统计数据,采用SWOT分析法对南京市环保能力建设情况进行研究,从源头减缓、人才队伍建设、资金投入、管理机制改革、技术支持、公众参与等方面,提出了若干政策建议.     

税收竞争对环境污染的影响及传导机制分析

在中国经济高增长的背后,环境污染问题愈发凸显,不利于经济的可持续增长。税收竞争是影响环境污染的主要因素之一,但是学术界研究税收竞争对环境污染的影响及其作用机制的较少。本文按照污染物属性将其划分为外溢性污染物和非外溢性污染物,通过构建一个包含生产者、消费者、地方政府及中央政府的一般均衡模型,刻画了在税收竞争的背景下,地方政府的税收征管效率对不同属性污染物的影响及其传导机制。结果发现当污染物具有外溢性属性时,税收征管效率对该地环境污染的影响通过改变本地及周边地区资本存量渠道实现;当污染物具有非外溢性属性时,降低税收征管效率通过增加该地区资本存量而提高了环境污染。文章首先使用随机前沿模型测算了2007—2014年中国28个省份企业所得税的税收征管效率,并将其作为税收竞争的衡量指标,然后运用系统GMM法证实了所提的假说。研究显示:地方政府的税收竞争增加了本地区的资本存量;税收竞争是将本地资本存量作为其推高外溢性污染物(二氧化硫)及非外溢性污染物(固体废弃物)排放量的一个主要渠道,邻近地区资本存量则是推高外溢性污染物(二氧化硫)的次要渠道。这意味着,要想改善环境质量,中央政府应规范地方政府的税收竞争行为,尽快建立一套科学、有效的绿色GDP评价体系;完善地方转移支付制度;应针对各个地区的污染及经济发展情况利用财政激励手段引入环保、绿色的资本项目;地方政府应减少不利于环境改善的地方财政支出,增加环保投入比重。     

How the Toxics Use Reduction Act continues to promote clean production Internationally

The Massachusetts’ Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA) of 1989 set an important milestone in the roadmap to Clean Production. The Act’s focus on a clear definition, methodology, and mandatory planning requirements have proved successful in getting companies in Massachusetts to reduce their use of toxic chemicals in manufacturing processes. Such results are inspirational for government officials and advocacy groups attempting to reduce toxic emissions in their communities and set progressive chemicals use policies. This paper will summarize three initiatives where TURA was a catalyst and continues to impact international chemicals policy: the Sewer Use By-law in Toronto, Canada; the European Union’s REACH chemicals legislation and the international campaign by Greenpeace in Asia and Latin America to achieve zero discharge of hazardous substances into rivers. The example of Toronto and REACH show how one or more essential aspects of TURA were incorporated into legislation. In the case of REACH TURA’s requirement of mandatory planning became an important example and NGO demand during the formation of Europe’s new chemicals regulation and resulted in the first substitution assessment planning requirement in EU wide legislation. Work is now ongoing to promote TURA type legislation in Latin America and Asia. However the ability to transfer the TURA framework to regions with inadequate government oversight and cheap disposal costs is seriously hampered. Although NGO campaigns in Asian and Latin America advocate zero discharge of hazardous emissions through toxics use reduction and elimination, much training and accountability will be needed within government and companies to understand the benefits of toxics use reduction and actually implement all or parts of the TURA framework. The Toxics Use Reduction Act came into force in 1989 with high environmental awareness, an engaged citizenry and a responsive government entity. Perhaps these are the same conditions that must exist for its successful transference to industrializing countries.     

Impact of ship-Breaking activities on the coastal environment of Bangladesh and a management system for its sustainability

Ship breaking or recycling in Bangladesh has been a catalyst for the economy by supporting the steel, shipbuilding, furniture, building construction, machinery and electrical industries since the 1980s. Although it has generated huge employment and provided 80–90% of the total steel consumption in the country, it has faced a host of challenges due to a number of negative environmental and social impacts that hinder the sustainable development of this blooming sector. The objective of this paper is to focus on how ship-breaking activities in Bangladesh affect the adjacent environment and the health and safety of workers, as well as management’s approach to the sustainability of the industry, by conducting a review of the available scientific literature. We found that grave environmental pollution, such as physiochemical properties, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PCBs), organotins, oil and grease pollution, asbestos and other atmospheric pollutants, and its impact on marine ecosystems, biodiversity, forestry, fisheries and human health are the main obstacles for the development of a sustainable ship-breaking industry. In addition, labour safety and occupational health problems, social unrest and conflicts have resulted from the development of the ship-breaking industry in Bangladesh. Inappropriate management practices and inadequate plans regarding ship-breaking activities and processes are the main reasons for these challenges. Effective management measures to mitigate the adverse environmental impact of the ship-breaking industry and to improve the health and safety of workers have now become an urgent requirement.     

浅谈白蚁防治药物污染环境的治理措施

介绍了白蚁对环境破坏程度,白蚁防治药物对环境污染和人体健康造成的严重后果;重点针对两种持久性有机污染物——氯丹和灭蚁灵的环境污染问题探讨其治理措施和处置方法。     

Azinphos Methyl Residues in Shallow Groundwater from the Fruit Production Region of Northern Patagonia,Argentina

Groundwater samples were collected from monitoring wells along an area of intensive fruit production. Different types of correlations were investigated between soil physicochemical characteristics, depths and agricultural practices with pesticide detection frequency. In the three analyzed periods azinphos methyl, S-(3,4-diydro-4-oxobenzo[d]-[1,2,3]-triazin-3-ylmethyl)-O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate, showed a definite seasonal behavior related to the application pattern, increasing its concentration in the aquifer from October to November-December and then decreasing towards March. Samples obtained during the non-spraying season showed that azinphos methyl residues were lower than detection limit (LOD).

An inverse correlation was observed between azinphos methyl concentration and the time elapsed since the last pesticide application. Seasonal events such as rain and irrigation influence the chemical concentration in the well, while no correlation was obtained between soil characteristics and azinphos methyl concentration. The soil attenuation capacity was not enough to prevent the presence of azinphos methyl in the aquifer during the application season.     

室内空气污染对人体健康的危害及预防

论述了室内空气污染的主要指标,列出了沈阳市2003年的室内空气检测结果。阐明室内污染对人体尤其是对孕妇和儿童产生的危害性;并根据国家公布的室内环境标准,提出了消费者在进行室内装修时应采取的预防措施。     

企业环境污染与政府控制监控

从政府监控的角度,采用博弈论的方法对企业环境污染的行为进行了分析。根据模型的不同假设前提,构造了单阶段和多阶段的博弈模型,得出博弈双方的均衡战略,以及某些关键因素(如政府对企业的惩罚系数及监督成本,企业环境污染行为的收益等)对博弈双方的影响,提出了减少企业污染行为发生的建议。     

Common procedural execution failure modes during abnormal situations

The Abnormal Situation Management^® Consortium¹ funded a study to investigate procedural execution failures during abnormal situations. The study team analyzed 20 publically available and 12 corporate confidential incident reports using the TapRoot^® methodology to identify root causes associated with procedural execution failures. The main finding from this investigation was the majority of the procedural execution failures (57%) across these 32 incident reports were associated with abnormal situations. Specific recommendations include potential information to capture from plant incident to better understand the sources of procedural execution failures and improve use of procedures in abnormal situations.