Prices vs quantities with multiple pollutants

We examine the choice of policy instruments (price, quantity or a mix of the two) when two pollutants are regulated and firms' abatement costs are private information. Whether abatement efforts are complements or substitutes is key determining the choice of policies. When pollutants are complements, a mixed policy instrument with a tax on one pollutant and a quota on another is sometimes preferable even if the pollutants are identical in terms of benefits and costs of abatement. Yet, if they are substitutes, the mixed policy is dominated by taxes or quotas.     

北京大气颗粒物碳质组分粒径分布的季节变化特征

为了解有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)在北京大气颗粒物中的季节变化、粒径分布和来源,于2010年3月—2011年2月采用惯性撞击分级采样器采集大气颗粒物样品,热光碳分析仪测定其中有机碳和元素碳质量浓度.结果表明,OC在粗细粒子中含量相当,EC主要存在于细粒子中,在<2.1μm颗粒物中分别占(52±11)%和(70±22)%.OC存在明显的季节变化,冬、夏季高于春、秋季,而EC则表现为冬、秋季大于春、夏季.OC和EC粒径分布呈"双峰型",细粒子段峰值分别位于0.43—1.1μm和0.43—0.65μm,粗粒子段峰值均位于4.7—5.8μm.四季峰值对应的粒径段、峰宽和峰高存在差异.OC与EC粒径分布和相关性的季节变化表明,冬季OC与EC的主要来源为燃煤排放,夏季EC的主要来源为机动车尾气.     

大型钢铁厂及其周边土壤多环芳烃污染现状调查、评价与源解析

采用气相色谱-质谱联机方法(GC-MS)分析了东北某钢铁厂及周边居住区、风景区共11个采样点表层土壤样品16种多环芳烃(PAHs),结果表明,钢铁工业区16种PAHs(∑PAHs)浓度范围为3.39×103—1.54×105ng·g-1,平均浓度3.21×104ng·g-1;居住区∑PAHs浓度范围为587—6.70×103ng·g-1,平均浓度3.82×103ng·g-1;风景区千山∑PAHs浓度385 ng·g-1.∑PAHs和Bap浓度均呈工业区>居住区>风景区趋势.与国内外其他研究结果相比,该钢铁工业区及其周边居住区土壤PAHs污染相对较为严重,11个采样点中有9个采样点土壤∑PAHs为严重污染,4个采样点苯并(a)芘(Bap)浓度超过加拿大土壤质量基准.利用特征比值法(Diagnostic Rate)和主成分分析法(Principal component analysis,PCA)对钢铁工业区及其周边地区土壤进行了源解析,结果表明,钢铁工业区土壤中PAHs主要来源于焦炉、燃煤、柴油燃烧等污染源,周边地区土壤除受工业污染源排放影响外,机动车汽油、柴油污染排放也有重要影响.     

尾矿库上覆排土场工程危险源辨识及安全评估技术研究

随着我国对尾砂及尾矿库场地综合利用的更高要求,尾矿库上覆排土场工程的数量不断增多。尾矿库上覆排土场工程是金属非金属矿山高危、典型并涵盖许多关键安全科学问题的特殊工程。提出了“尾矿库上覆排土场工程”的定义,总结了尾矿库上覆排土场工程的结构特点,具备隐蔽工程复杂、尾矿库固结程度难以判断、排土场变形趋势复杂等特点,提出了尾矿库上覆排土场工程危险有害因素的辨识方法;研究了工程中尾矿库固结程度、排土场结构的探测技术和方法,利用图像处理技术分析了尾矿库上修建排土场工程的隐蔽工程质量。基于上述分析结果,提出了尾矿库上覆排土场工程的灾害防治措施。上述成果可为今后在闭库尾矿库上修建排土场的安全鉴定提供重要依据。     

Heavy metals distribution and risk assessment in soils affected by tannery effluents

Effluents collected from tanneries in Sialkot showed considerably higher levels of heavy metals. Sodium (12 660.91 mg/L) among macronutrients and Cr (592.20 mg/L) among heavy metals were found in the highest concentrations. Effluent parameters, i.e. biological oxygen demand (BOD; 12.40), chemical oxygen demand (COD; 16.53), Cd (5.90), Cr (592.20) and Fe (18.59) were the respective times higher than Pakistan National Environmental Quality Standards and their continuous unchecked discharge into agricultural soils poses a potential risk. Mean concentrations (mg/L) of Cr (592.20), Ni (2.66), Mn (1.16), Fe (37.17), Zn (0.90), Cd (0.59) and Pb (1.18) in this study exceeded levels recorded to date from different tanning hubs in Pakistan. Factor analysis/principal components analysis (FA/PCA) for the effluent parameters resulted in six varimax factors, i.e. VF1 (salinity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, chloride, phosphate, BOD and COD; including characteristic tannery effluent features), VF2 (pH, Cr and alkalinity; tanning operations), VF3 (Cd and Pb; dyeing processes), VF4 (Mn and Fe; finishing operations), VF5 (Ni; retaining processes) and VF6 (hardness, Ca and Cu; bating processes). Cluster analysis performed on metal data resulted in three clusters confirming metal–metal relations obtained either from FA/PCA or a correlation matrix. The results of this study are useful for heavy metal source apportionment, assessment of risk to peripheral soils and the future management of environments around tanneries.     

An evidence of salinity impact on the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fishes collected from the Messolonghi lagoon in Greece

The impact of salinity and water exchange rate on the accumulation of heavy metals in the benthic fish Zosterissesor ophiocephalus, collected from the shallow sublagoons Tholi and Paleopotamos, was studied. Both sublagoons are influenced by the intensive agricultural activity of the surrounding area in terms of the chemical substances’ drainage, and by the untreated sewage discharges of an urbanized area with Paleopotamos being affected in lesser extent. Paleopotamos is characterised by restricted water renovation, resulting to much higher salinity than Tholi. The bioaccumulation of the heavy metals studied (Manganese, Zinc and Copper), reveals differences among the metals with females showing higher values. Specimens from Paleopotamos showed statistically significant higher bioaccumulation of the heavy metals in both sexes, which is attributed to the extremely high salinity of this sublagoon.     

城市化对北京霾日数影响统计分析

近年来,随着超大城市/城市群大气灰霾等复合污染加剧,引起人们对区域生态环境与及公共健康问题越来越多的关注。应用北京地区1980—2012年气候资料及同期城市发展统计指标,统计分析了城、郊区间霾日数的变化特征,并在此基础上探讨了北京城市化及局地气候差异对霾日数的影响。分析表明：北京城区霾日数要明显多于郊区,在2007年以前城、郊区站点均有相似的波动增长趋势,但城区站霾日数增加速率（约21 d/10 a）要远大于郊区站（约7.2 d/10 a）;北京各地霾日数与主要城市发展指数之间的相关系数均超过0.001显著性水平,随着城市化而迅速增加的能源消耗和机动车尾气排放是导致北京地区灰霾天气逐渐增多的主要污染源,污染源的不均匀分布是导致城、郊霾日数差异的主要因素。分析还发现,城市化导致的区域气候差异对局地灰霾亦有较明显的影响。伴随着城市化的快速发展,城、郊区气候差异逐渐变大,城市下垫面粗糙度增加导致近地面层风速减小。大城市热岛效应背景下,更容易出现较厚的逆温层,这将阻碍空气垂直方向的对流输送。此外,城区气温持续上升,相对湿度下降,平均风速减小,小风频率增加,也会阻碍空气的水平流通,使得城市排放颗粒污染物的扩散难以扩散,有利于霾日增加。这表明北京地区城市气候效应对区域生态环境具有不可忽视的影响。     

A modeling system for drinking water sources and its application to Jiangdong Reservoir in Xiamen city

Drinking water sources are highly valued by authorities for safeguarding the life of a city. Models are widely applied as important and effective tools in the management of water sources. However, it is difficult to apply models in water source management because water managers are often not equipped with the professional knowledge and operational skills necessary for making use of the models. This paper introduces a drinking water source simulation and prediction system that consists of a watershed model, a hydrological model and a water quality model. This system provides methods and technical guidance for the conventional management of water sources and emergency water event response. In this study, the sub-models of the system were developed based on the data of the Jiangdong Reservoir in Xiamen, and the model validation was based on local monitoring data. The hydrological model and water quality model were integrated by computer programming, and the watershed model was indirectly integrated into the system through a network platform. Furthermore, three applications for Jiangdong Reservoir water protection utilizing the system were introduced in this paper, including a conventional simulation, an emergency simulation, and an emergency measures evaluation.     

农村面源污染治理的政策与管理服务体系优化——以上海郊区农村为例

农村面源污染控制不仅是技术问题,也是管理体制与机制问题,探讨并完善农村面源污染治理的政策、管理与服务体系已成为当前研究的热点与难点。以上海郊区农村为例,梳理总结农村面源污染及其控制现状;在肯定当前治理效果的同时,识别其局限性,指出农业政策与环境保护政策的不协调、农村发展模式转变下制度与服务体系的相对滞后是根本原因;针对当前农村面源污染重要的贡献者——化肥、农药、畜禽粪便以及农村生活污水,分别从改革农业补贴制度、重构实现农村多重价值的制度以及完善农业生产服务体系等方面给出了治理的对策与建议。     

加拿大最佳管理措施流域评价项目评述

可持续农业的目的是在保持良好环境质量的同时获得较高的农业生产率。最佳管理措施(BMPs)在世界范围内已得到广泛应用,以减少农业污染物对水环境的影响。自2004年以来,加拿大农业部实施了最佳管理措施流域评价(WEBs)项目,在全国各地选择了有代表性的9个小流域,对BMPs的环境和经济效益进行评价。笔者对过去几年来WEBs项目的进展、研究方法及主要成果进行简要的回顾,并对在中国开展类似项目的必要性和启示进行了探讨。