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201.
Partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to solid-sorbed nonionic surfactants 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The partition of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) into solid-sorbed surfactant has a crucial role in describing and predicting the distribution of HOCs in solid-water-surfactant systems. The experimental results of this study indicated that the partition coefficients of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into the solid-sorbed surfactant (Ksm) increased with an increase in the sorption amount of surfactants onto solid and reached a stable maximum value (Km sm) at the sorption of surfactants in saturation state, at which the solid surface was completely covered with the surface micelle (or admicelle). The fitted Km sm values for PAHs with different surfactants were found to have a good linear relationship with the corresponding partition coefficient of PAHs to surfactant micelles in solution (Kmc), and then a model was developed to describe and predict the distribution of PAHs in solid-water-surfactant systems. These results are of practical interest for developing effective and safe surfactant-enhanced remediation technologies. 相似文献
202.
Jianyang Guo Xiaojun Luo Haiqing Liao Wen Li Shejun Chen 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(6):2175-2180
The temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was examined in dated sediments from five lakes in Western China. The surficial concentrations of seven carcinogenic PAHs (BaA, Chyr, BbF, BkF, BaP, DBA and INP, hereafter denoted as PAH7) were highly site-specific. The ΣPAH7 concentrations generally increased from the deep layers to surface sediments. The temporal trends of ΣPAH7 concentrations were clearly different from those reported in developed countries. From 1950s to 1980s, which PAHs started to decrease in developed countries, is the right period that PAHs started to increase rapidly in Western China. The fluxes and mass inventories suggest that the PAH7 input over the past three decades was much more rapidly than it was before the 1980s. Source identification indicates that the PAHs were primarily from biomass burning and domestic coal combustion, and increasing vehicular and/or industrial coal combustion emission was also found. 相似文献
203.
P.M. Costa E. Chicano-Gálvez T.À. DelValls 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(10):3338-3346
The livers of soles (Solea senegalensis) injected with subacute doses of cadmium (Cd), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), or their combination, were screened for alterations to cytosolic protein expression patterns, complemented by cytological and histological analyses. Cadmium and B[a]P, but not combined, induced hepatocyte apoptosis and Kupfer cell hyperplasia. Proteomics, however, suggested that apoptosis was triggered through distinct pathways. Cadmium and B[a]P caused upregulation of different anti-oxidative enzymes (peroxiredoxin and glutathione peroxidase, respectively) although co-exposure impaired induction. Similarly, apoptosis was inhibited by co-exposure, to which may have contributed a synergistic upregulation of tissue metalloproteinase inhibitor, β-actin and a lipid transport protein. The regulation factors of nine out of eleven identified proteins of different types revealed antagonistic or synergistic effects between Cd and B[a]P at the prospected doses after 24 h of exposure. The results indicate that co-exposure to Cd and B[a]P may enhance toxicity by impairing specific responses and not through cumulative damage. 相似文献
204.
Terzakis S Fountoulakis MS Georgaki I Albantakis D Sabathianakis I Karathanasis AD Kalogerakis N Manios T 《Chemosphere》2008,72(2):141-149
Two free water surface (FWS) and two subsurface flow (SSF) pilot-size constructed wetlands treating highway runoff (HRO) were monitored over a period of two years (September 2005-August 2007). One FWS and one SSF were designed with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12h, named FWS12 and SSF12, respectively, with each one capable of treating a maximum HRO of 12.6 m(3) d(-1). The other couple, named FWS24 and SSF24, respectively, was designed with an HRT of 24h, with each receiving a maximum HRO of 6.3 m(3) d(-1). The influent flowed from a highway section with a total surface 2752 m(2) on the island of Crete, Greece, in the heart of the South-Central Mediterranean region. Influent and effluent were monitored for COD, TSS, total N (TN), NO(3)(-) and total P (TP) concentrations. Furthermore, removal efficiencies were examined for heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) for both years, while polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs) were examined for the period between September 2006 and August 2007. The influent had a two-year average COD value of 101 mg l(-1), whereas the mean values for TSS, TN, N-NO(3)(-) and TP were 203, 4.30, 1.25 and 4.17 mg l(-1), respectively. For Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn the respective two-year mean influent concentrations were 56, 114, 49 and 250 microg l(-1). Mean concentration of total PAHs in runoff (summation operator PAHs, 16 compounds) were 12.01 microg l(-1). The performance among the four beds was not significantly different according to ANOVA analysis followed by Tukey test (at p<0.05) for almost all the above physicochemical parameters, suggesting that all systems performed in a similar way. All studied systems, achieved a mean of two-year removal efficiencies of 47% for COD, 89% for TSS, 49% for TN, 58% for N-NO(3)(-), 60% for TP, 47% for Cu, 23% for Ni, 33% for Pb, 61% for Zn and 59% for summation operator PAHs (16 compounds). 相似文献
205.
Measurements of carbonyls and C2–C6 non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were made in ambient air at a rural site at the summit of Whiteface Mountain (WFM) in New York State. Alkanes dominated in the samples, with ethane and propane making up about 55% of the total on a carbon-atom basis. Ethane, the longest-lived of the NMHCs, showed a mixing ratio in the range of 0.86–2.1 ppbv. Photochemical ageing analysis indicated an anthropogenic influence on the NMHC levels. The photochemical reactivity of the hydrocarbons, calculated in terms of propylene-equivalent concentration, was dominated by alkenes (propene and ethene), which accounted for 74% of the total NMHC sum. Air mass back-trajectories have been used to investigate the origin of the observed NMHCs and carbonyls. Higher concentrations were found when air masses arrived from the midwestern US corridor. Acetone was the most abundant species, comprising from 31% to 53% of the total detected carbonyls, followed by MEK (15–53%), HCHO (7–39%), and CH3CHO (7–19%). Average concentrations were determined to be 1.61 ppbv for CH3C(O)CH3, 1.40 ppbv for MEK, 1.16 ppbv for HCHO, and 0.49 ppbv for CH3CHO. The variations in carbonyl concentrations were observed to follow patterns similar to variations in O3 concentrations, typical of secondary products. Correlations and statistical analysis of the carbonyls and NMHCs were performed, and showed that most of the compounds derived from mixing and photochemical transformation of long-range transported pollutants from the major source areas. Ranking of the carbonyls with respect to removal of the OH radical showed HCHO to be the most important species, followed by CH3CHO, MEK, and CH3C(O)CH3. 相似文献
206.
Simultaneous biodegradation of nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds
in a sequencing batch bioreactor 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
LIU Xing-yu WANG Bao-jun JIANG Cheng-ying ZHAO Ke-xin Harold L. Drake LIU Shuang-Jiang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(5):530-535
Many nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds (NACs), such as nitrobenzene (NB), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), aniline (AN), and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), are environmentally hazardous, and their removal from contaminated water is one of the main challenges facing wastewater treatment plants. In this study, synthetic wastewater containing NB, 4-NP, 2,4-DNP, and AN at concentrations ranging from 50 to 180 mg/L was fed into a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Analyses of the SBR system indicated that it simultaneously removed more than 99% of the NACs at loading rates of 0.36 kg NB/(m3·d), 0.3 kg 4-NP/(m3·d), 0.25 kg AN/(m3·d), and 0.1 kg 2,4-DNP/(m3·d). Bacterial groups of Bacteriodetes, Candidate division TM7, α-Proteobacteria, and β-Proteobacteria were dominant in the clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes retrieved from the microbial communities in the SBR system. "Cycle tests" designed to alter feeding and aeration parameters of the SBR system demonstrated that the resident microbial biome of the SBR system responded rapidly to changing conditions. Consumption of O2 was concomitant with the apparent mineralization of NACs. Aromatic ring-cleaving dioxygenase activities suggested that (1) AN and NB were degraded via catechol 2,3-dioxygenase; (2) 4-NP was degraded via 1,2,4-benzentriol 1,2-dioxygenase; and (3) 2,4-DNP was degraded via an unresolved pathway. 相似文献
207.
Batch experiments were performed to examine the desorption behavior of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil–water system in the presence of nonionic surfactant Tween 80 and dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from pig manure or pig manure compost. Addition of 150 mg l−1 Tween 80 desorbed 5.8% and 2.1% of phenanthrene and pyrene from soil into aqueous phase, respectively, while the addition of both Tween 80 and DOM derived from pig manure compost and pig manure could further enhance the desorption of phenanthrene to 15.8% and 16.2%, respectively, and 6.4% and 10.9%, respectively, for pyrene. In addition, our finding also suggested that subsequent addition of Tween 80 into the soil–water system could further enhance PAHs desorption. The enhancement effect of the co-existence of Tween 80 and DOM was more than the additive effect of the Tween 80 and DOM individually. It is likely that the formation of DOM–surfactant complex in the soil–water system may be a possible reason to explain such desorption enhancement phenomenon. Therefore, it is anticipated that the coexistence of both Tween 80 and DOM derived from pig manure or pig manure compost in soil environment will enhance the bioavailability of PAHs as well as other hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) by enhancing the desorption during remediation process. 相似文献
208.
Valves and orifices are the most widely devices of flow control used in oil and gas industry. In particular, they are installed in relief piping system in order to control the discharge flow during potential plant overpressuring scenarios, thus ensuring plant safety. It is a common practice to flow liquid and gas mixtures through such restriction devices.Rigorous models are available to precisely size pressure relief devices operating in single phase flow; however for two-phase flow, no models are considered sufficiently reliable for predicting the relevant flow conditions.In the present paper, two-phase flow of hydrocarbons fluids through an orifice under critical conditions has been numerically investigated.The existing literature has been analyzed and data on two-phase flow of highly volatile mixtures of hydrocarbons through openings have been collected. A comparison has been carried out with numerical simulations carried out by the multiphase flow simulation tool OLGA by SPT.The Henry–Fauske model has been used as orifice choke model and the orifice discharge flow coefficient, required as input by OLGA, has been calculated by Chisholm's model.Comparison between OLGA's results and experimental data shows that Henry–Fauske model markedly underestimates the mass flow rate through the orifice, if Chisholm's model is used to calculate discharge coefficient. It was found that the error of the model could be minimized using different values of orifice discharge coefficient (Cd).A new discharge flow coefficient model, suitable for choked two-phase flow across orifices, is proposed in this study and it has been determined to match the above mentioned experimental measurements. 相似文献
209.
Single-solute and bi-solute sorption of phenanthrene and pyrene onto pine needle cuticular fractions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To better understand interaction mechanisms of pine needles with persistent organic pollutants, single-solute and bi-solute sorption of phenanthrene and pyrene onto isolated cuticular fractions of pine needle were investigated. The structures of cuticular fractions were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid-state 13C NMR. Polymeric lipids (cutin and cutan) exhibited notably higher sorption capabilities than the soluble lipids (waxes), while cellulose showed little affinity with sorbates. With the coexistence of the amorphous cellulose, the sorption of cutan (aromatic core) was completely inhibited, so the cutin components (nonpolar aliphatic moieties) dominated the sorption of bulk needle cuticle. By the consumption of the amorphous cellulose under acid hydrolysis, sorption capacities of the de-sugared fractions were dramatically enhanced, which controlled by the exposed aromatic cores and the aliphatic moieties. Furthermore, the de-sugared fractions demonstrated nonlinear and competitive sorption due to the specific interaction between aromatic cores and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. 相似文献
210.