Distribution and behaviour of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in subtropical river estuary,Okinawa, Japan

Surface water samples were collected along the salinity gradient of Manko estuary in Okinawa, Japan, between January and November 2012, to examine spatial and temporal variability in the distribution, composition, behaviour, and sources of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Concentrations of total particulate PAHs ranged from 169.7?ng?g^?1 at riverine station (N1) in November 2012 to 922?ng?g^?1 at another riverine station (K3) in May 2012. Based on observed environmental behaviour, particularly relationships to organic matter, the PAHs appear divisible into two groups: group I (low molecular weight) PAHs were characterised by low particles affinity and strong correlations with a pool of autochthonous organic matter (e.g. high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids), reflecting processes controlling their delivery to the estuary; and, in contrast, group II (high molecular weight) PAHs were characterised by high particles affinity and exhibited estuarine distribution primarily controlled by suspended solid load and inputs from terrigenous sources through river inflows. This relationship, coupled with isomer ratios indicative of combined mixed sources from petroleum and petroleum combustions, indicates that terrestrial run-off is the dominant mode of delivery of particulate PAHs in the estuary. The relationships between distinct groups of PAHs and lipid biomarkers demonstrated in this study suggest that very specific pools of particulate organic matter, as opposed to concentrations of particulate organic carbon alone, can be important in the transport and fate of hydrophobic contaminants.     

用于水中多环芳烃被动采样的聚合物厚度和材料的选择：哪个更有力地影响采样器性能？

本文使用3种单相聚合物制作用于多环芳烃被动采样的装置,这3种聚合物分别为聚甲醛(POM)、硅橡胶(SR)和聚乙烯(PE),通过室内试验测定了它们的分配系数和POM的扩散系数以及验证了动态积累模型。此外,在野外现场对每种装置的性能进行了评估。基于已开发模型的支持,讨论了使用不同材料和聚合物厚度的装置性能。结果表明,采样器性能,比如浓度平均周期的长短和多环芳烃的采集容量,都广受所选材料的影响。采样器的厚度也会对装置的性能造成影响,但程度很小。选择合适的聚合物和/或厚度可以使采样器更有适用于快速平衡或动态积累,以及促进膜或水边界层对动态积累的控制。此外,利用膜技术控制或平衡的化合物能够更精确的被量化,因为它们不需要利用参比法(PRC)来校正。然而,当富集浓度达到平衡后,采样器中的平均浓度就不能准备测量化合物浓度,而由膜控制的采样装置通过动态累积的方式能够提供不需要PRC校正的平均浓度;随着膜传质阻力的提高,采样器的检测限也得到提高。
精选自Angel Belles, Claire Alary, Yannick Mamindy-Pajany.Thickness and material selection of polymeric passive samplers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water: which more strongly affects sampler properties?. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 7, pages 1708–1717, July 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3326
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3326/full
     

Water quality in a mediterranean marine protected area (North Sporades Islands,Greece)

Pollution in the marine protected area of North Sporades Islands was investigated in July 1997. Salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic nutrients, organic carbon, hydrocarbons as well as dissolved and particulate trace metals were determined at 15 offshore and coastal stations. Dissolved organic carbon and inorganic nutrient concentrations indicate the mesotrophic character of the investigated waters. The dissolved forms of nitrogen were slightly higher at coastal stations. Dissolved and particulate Cu, Zn and Ni, were higher in coastal stations, whereas concentrations of Pb were generally low and likely of atmospheric origin. Dissolved/Dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons (DDPH) were close to detection limits at all stations. Temperature and salinity vertical profiles, nutrient and trace metal concentrations revealed the presence of a slight influence of the Black Sea water coming from Dardanelles straits.     

Concentration of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rain,soil and ground water around Ismailia,Egypt

Residues of acenaphthylene, fluorene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(k)fluoranthene were monitored in rain, soil and groundwater around Ismailia, in northeast Egypt. Residues detected in rain water in 1995 and 1996 were mainly of relatively low molecular weight. Both acenaphthylene and fluorene were detected in rain for the two consecutive years. Top soil has shown a wider spectrum and higher concentrations of (PAHs) than those detected in deep soil, rain and ground water. Only three compounds, acenaphthylene, fluorene and anthracene were detected in samples collected at 50 cm depth. While no traces of PAHs were detected at 1 m depth detectable concentrations of fluorene and anthracene were monitored in groundwater.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in red mullet (Mullus bavbatus) and sediments from the Eastern Aegean Sea

The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated in red mullet (Mullus barbatus) and sediment samples in the eastern Aegean Sea. The data were collected during cruises in July and November 1994, in the framework of National Marine Measurement and Monitoring Programme in the Aegean Sea. PAHs were detected in the tissue of Mullus barbatus of different sex and size from nine sampling sites throughout the study area ranging from 0.03 to 0.46 ug/g (fresh weight). The observations show the high levels of PAHs were found in tissues of females. The average concentration of PAHs in Aegean Sea sediments ranged from 0.20 to 1.8 ug/g (dry weight). No significant correlation was observed between PAH and sedimentary organic carbon.     

Revealing the factors affecting occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediments of Lake Baikal and its tributaries

The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in water and sediments of Lake Baikal and its tributaries were measured. It was found that according to existing water and sediment quality standards limiting permissible PAH concentrations, both surface waters and sediments in Lake Baikal watershed can be considered as unpolluted with PAHs compounds. Nevertheless, the spatial distribution of PAH concentrations in lake water indicates the existence of some point PAH sources in and around the lake. These sources were natural oil seeps and communal facilities such as residential coal-fired and oil-fired boilers. It was observed that concentrations of PAHs in both water and sediments are controlled by organic matter content and organic matter mineralisation degree, as indicated by PAH-to-carbon and nitrogen-to-carbon ratios respectively. It was found that PAH/TOC and PAH/TC ratios characterise PAH loading on water and sediments respectively, whereas DIN/TOC and TN/TC ratios characterise self-purification of water and sediments respectively. It was proved that PAH/TOC and DIN/TOC ratios can be used as tracers to evaluate the PAH contributions from tributaries to Lake Baikal.     

The changes of T-PAH levels and health status of mussels in Izmit bay (Turkey) after Marmara earthquake and subsequent refinery fire

As is well known, a powerful earthquake along the North Anatolian Fault struck the eastern part of the Marmara region on August 17, 1999. Izmit Bay, which is known as one of the most polluted sites of Turkey, was also affected by the quake and the subsequent refinery fire. The measurements performed just before and after the earthquake showed that T-PAH levels increased significantly after the event [Okay OS, Tolun L, Telli-Karako? F, Tüfek?i V, Tüfek?i H, Morko? E. Izmit Bay (Turkey) ecosystem after Marmara earthquake and subsequent refinery fire: the long-term data. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2001;42:361-9]. In the framework of ecotoxicological studies, the Bay ecosystem was continuously monitored for T-PAH levels in seawater, sediments and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) to find out whether change occurred during the 2-year period following the earthquake. For that purpose, after the earthquake, the samples were collected six times between the period of September 1999 and March 2001 at coastal stations of the Bay situated away from the mouth of main discharges. The responses of the mussels were also measured by means of the lysosomal stability of the blood cells and feeding rate biomarker techniques at two different sites of the bay. Although the T-PAH levels in all matrices generally showed a decreasing trend, they were found to be still high especially at stations near the refinery. Both biomarker results showed that the health status of the mussels is very poor in the Bay ecosystem, based on the results obtained from the two sites monitored.     

官厅水库周边蔬菜地表土中多环芳烃的污染

为掌握北京市备用水源地——官厅水库周边的蔬菜地表土中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染状况及来源,于2008年11月在延庆县小丰营蔬菜产地采集了48个表土样品(0～20cm)测定PAHs含量,并综合特征化合物比值法和因子分析/多元线性回归两种方法推断了土壤中PAHs来源.结果表明,土壤中15种PAHs单体(PAH15)的含量均服从正态分布或对数正态分布,∑15PAH几何均值为(118.71±28.63)ng.g-1(干重含量,下同),算术均值为(139.57±85.65)ng.g-1.以荷兰土壤标准衡量,71%的样点归类PAHs弱污染,与文献报道的大多数国内外农业土壤相比,尚属于较清洁的水平.成分谱分析表明,研究区域土壤中的PAHs分布谱以3环～4环化合物为主,优势化合物为PHE、FLA、FLO、PYR.校正后的FLA/(FLA+PYR),ANT/(ANT+PHE)比值表明该研究区域PAHs主要来自燃烧源.通过因子分析提取了3个主成分,分别代表①燃煤和交通燃油;②生物质燃烧和炼焦;③燃油.多元线性回归分析的结果表明,这3种来源对官厅水库周边蔬菜地表土中PAHs的贡献分别是54.0%,39.9%和6.1%.结合两种源解析方法和排放源分析,除该区域存在明显生物质燃烧源以外,其它来源的PAHs经过了一定距离的大气迁移和沉降.     

典型土壤中多环芳烃纵向迁移过程模拟研究

选择北京潮土、清源潮棕壤、江西红壤和黑龙江黑土4种典型土壤,采用土柱淋滤模拟实验方法,以菲和芘为代表,对比考察多环芳烃在不同土壤中的纵向迁移过程,综合分析土壤基本理化性质对多环芳烃纵向迁移过程的影响。结果表明:土壤细颗粒(0～20μm)含量和土壤有机质是制约多环芳烃在土壤中纵向迁移的主要因素,容重和阳离子交换量对该环境过程影响不大。淋滤结束后土柱中多环芳烃残留量监测结果显示:北京潮土中,菲和芘的平均浓度最低,分别为8.81,9.94 mg/kg;黑龙江黑土中,两者的残留浓度最高,分别达14.62、17.02 mg/kg。最后,SPSS相关性分析结果表明,土柱中菲、芘的残留量与土壤细颗粒(0～20μm)含量的相关系数分别为0.99和0.93,与土壤有机质的相关系数分别为0.74和0.88。     

8种植物叶片对城市大气苯并（a）芘（BaP）的吸收比较

城市化及汽车的发展导致城市大气中多环芳烃（PAHs）含量较高,强致癌作用污染物苯并（a）芘（BaP）含量也相应增高。植物是大气环境天然的过滤器,能滞留、吸附和累积空气中多种污染物。选择广州市8种常见行道树,4种乔木：红花羊蹄甲（Bauhiniablakeana）、腊肠树（Cassiafistula）、高山榕（Ficus...