催化动力学光度法测定环境样品中微量碘的研究和应用

在柠檬酸介质中，Ｉ－对ＫＩＯ３氧化结晶紫的反应有催化效应，据此建立了测定微量Ｉ－新的催化动力学光度法．方法的检出限为０．１８５μｇ／ｍｌ，测定范围为５～７０μｇ／２５ｍｌ，用本法对环境水样进行了测定，结果满意。     

Hygroscopic properties of sodium and potassium salts as related to saline mineral dusts and sea salt aerosols

Mineral dust, soil, and sea salt aerosols are among the most abundant primary inorganic aerosols in the atmosphere, and their hygroscopicity affects the hydrological cycle and global climate. We investigated the hygroscopic behaviors of six Na- and K-containing salts commonly found in those primary organic aerosols. Their hygroscopic growths as a function of relative humidity (RH) agree well with thermodynamic model prediction. Temperature dependence of deliquescence RH (DRH) values for five of those salts was also investigated, which are comparable to those in literature within 1%–2% RH, most showing negative dependence on temperature. Hygroscopic growth curves of real-world soil and sea salt samples were also measured. The hygroscopic growths of two more-hydroscopic saline soil samples and of sea salt can be predicted by the thermodynamic model based on the measured water-soluble ionic composition. The substantial amounts of water-soluble ions, including Na⁺ and K⁺, in saline soil samples imply that even nascent saline soil samples are quite hygroscopic at high-RH (>80%) conditions. For three less-hygroscopic dust samples, however, measurements showed higher water uptake ability than that predicted by the thermodynamic model. The small amount of water taken up by less-hygroscopic dust samples suggests that dust particles might contain thin layers of water even to very low RH. The results of this study provide a comprehensive characterization of the hygroscopicity of Na- and K-containing salts as related to their roles in the hygroscopic behaviors of saline mineral dusts and sea salt aerosols.     

分段重铬酸钾法测定高氯离子废水COD方法研究

通过对高盐废水COD测定时氯离子干扰与氧化剂浓度的关系研究发现:氧化剂浓度对氯离子干扰程度有较大的影响。根据研究结果,提出了用分段重铬酸钾法测定高盐废水COD的设想,并对此设想进行了验证。验证结果表明:用分段重铬酸钾法测定高盐废水COD的设想是完全可行的;而且方法的准确度较好,相对误差<9%,实际废水加有机物的回收率>92%。     

高氯离子废水中低COD简易分析方法研究

本试验采用重铬酸钾标准法对COD测定结果的影响程度与适用范围进行了探索,提出了用低浓度重铬酸钾氧化法测定含高氯根废水中低COD的方法,对其影响因素提出新的看法。试验结果表明:对影响测定结果的主要因素并不取决于Cl-浓度的高低,而取决于回流后剩余氧化剂量的多少,当剩余氧化剂量不超过46%时,对测定结果影响甚微。     

Removal of pentachlorophenol from contaminated soil by catalytic oxidation with iron(III)-porphyrin complexes and potassium monopersulfate

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) in contaminated soil was removed by treatment with aqueous solutions of iron(III)-porphyrin complexes as catalysts and potassium monopersulfate (KHSO₅) as the oxygen donor. The contaminated soils were artificially prepared by spiking PCP to the kaolin and ando soils. Three types of iron(III)-porphyrin complexes, tetra(?p-sulfophenyl) porphineiron(III) (Fe(III)-TPPS), tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridil)porphineiron(III) (Fe(III)-TMPyP) and heme, were examined, and Fe(III)-TPPS was found to be the most effective for removing PCP. Although the sequential addition of KHSO₅ was examined, in an attempt to improve the efficiency of PCP removal, it was not effective. In a preliminary test of various aqueous solutions, the addition of humic acid (HA), with a lower degree of humification, led to a significant enhancement in PCP removal. When HA was added to the soil system, the percentages of PCP removal were increased by up to 10% compared to the absence of HA. Therefore, the addition of HA to the catalytic system was useful in enhancing PCP removal from contaminated soil.     

Gamma radiation measurements and dose rates in commercially-used natural tiling rocks (granites)

The gamma radiation in samples of a variety of natural tiling rocks (granites) imported in Cyprus for use in the building industry was measured, employing high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy. The rock samples were pulverised, sealed in 1-l plastic Marinelli beakers, and measured in the laboratory with an accumulating time between 10 and 14 h each. From the measured gamma-ray spectra, activity concentrations were determined for (232)Th (range from 1 to 906 Bq kg(-1)), (238)U (from 1 to 588 Bq kg(-1)) and (40)K (from 50 to 1606 Bq kg(-1)). The total absorbed dose rates in air calculated from the concentrations of the three radionuclides ranged from 7 to 1209 nGy h(-1) for full utilization of the materials, from 4 to 605 nGy h(-1) for half utilization and from 2 to 302 nGy h(-1) for one quarter utilization. The total effective dose rates per person indoors were determined to be between 0.02 and 2.97 mSv y(-1) for half utilization of the materials. Applying dose criteria recently recommended by the EU for superficial materials, 25 of the samples meet the exemption dose limit of 0.3 mSv y(-1), two of them meet the upper dose limit of 1 mSv y(-1) and only one clearly exceeds this limit.     

紫外分光光度法测定总氮空白值过高原因分析

碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法测定总氮过程中,常常发生空白值过高而影响测定的情况,可能造成空白值过高的原因很多．主要包括纯水质量、试剂纯度、实验条件等几个方面,通过对可能造成总氮测定空白值过高的各项原因进行逐一系统分析和试验．发现造成空白值过高的原因主要为试剂过硫酸钾纯度不够,含有的总氮杂质过高所致,采用二次重结晶的方法时过硫酸钾试剂提纯后使用。同时严格地按照标准方法要求控制实验条件,即可大大降低总氮测定的空白值。     

关于高氯废水COD分析的多种方法的比对

本实验采用氯气校正法和低浓度重铬酸钾氧化法来分别测定高氯废水的COD值,两种方法主要针对氯离子浓度小于8000mg／l,COD值小于110mg／l的水样进行分析。试验结果表明：采用氯气校正法虽然可行,但是实验装置复杂,可控性差,数据结果精密度差,准确度不高;采用低浓度重铬酸钾氧化法进行高氯废水的coD测定,结果较为准确,且操作同国家标准法（GB11914—89）基本一致,操作过程简单可行,实用价值高。     

大型蚤急性毒性试验的质量控制

为加强大型蚤急性毒性试验的质量控制,采用重铬酸钾作为参考毒物分析了不同日龄母蚤所产幼蚤的毒性效应变化。研究发现,在大型蚤急性毒性试验中,对于在11~56日龄期间的母蚤,以35日龄母蚤所产幼蚤对重铬酸钾的敏感度最高,47日龄母蚤所产幼蚤的敏感度最低。在一定范围内,提高稀释水硬度可显著降低大型蚤对重铬酸钾的敏感度。重铬酸钾的24h-EC ₅₀值的实验室精密度以29~42日龄母蚤组所产幼蚤最好,其次为15~28日龄母蚤组;经t检验,大于42日龄母蚤组所产幼蚤对重铬酸钾24h-EC ₅₀值与15~28日龄母蚤组有显著性差异(P＜0.05),与29~42日龄母蚤组有高度显著性差异(P＜0.01),表明以20℃为大型蚤培养温度时,大型蚤毒性试验宜选用15~42天母蚤所产幼蚤。进行大型蚤急性毒性试验时,应定期使用参考毒物检查毒性试验的实验精密度并运用质量控制图来验证持续的实验室能力。