静电除尘技术在铬盐生产中的应用

简单介绍了静电除尘器的结构、工艺参数及在铬盐生产中的应用情况。讨论了尘粒的性质和气体性质对除尘效率的影响。铬矿回转窑尾气采用沉降－离心－静电三级除尘技术、酸化尾气采用静电除雾技术均取得了较好的效果。     

Salt enrichment of municipal sewage: New prevention approaches in Israel

Wastewater irrigation is an environmentally sound wastewater disposal practice, but sewage is more saline than the supplied fresh water and the salts are recycled together with the water. Salts have negative environmental effects on crops, soils, and groundwater. There are no inexpensive ways to remove the salts once they enter sewage, and the prevention of sewage salt enrichment is the most immediately available solution. The body of initiatives presently structured by the Ministry of the Environment of Israel are herein described, with the aim to contribute to the search for a long-term solution of salinity problems in arid countries. The new initiatives are based on: (1) search for new technologies to reduce salt consumption and discharge into sewage; (2) different technologies to cope with different situations; (3) raising the awareness of the public and industry on the environmental implications of salinity pollution; and (4) an elastic legal approach expressed through new state-of-the-art regulations. The main contributor to the salinity of sewage in Israel is the watersoftening process followed by the meat koshering process. Some of the adopted technical solutions are: the discharge of the brine into the sea, the substitution of sodium by potassium salts in the ion-exchangers, the construction of centralized systems for the supply of soft water in industrial areas, the precipitation of Ca and Mg in the effluents from ion-exchangers and recycling of the NaCI solution, a reduction of the discharge of salts by the meat koshering process, and new membrane technology for salt recovery.     

Removal of pentachlorophenol from contaminated soil by catalytic oxidation with iron(III)-porphyrin complexes and potassium monopersulfate

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) in contaminated soil was removed by treatment with aqueous solutions of iron(III)-porphyrin complexes as catalysts and potassium monopersulfate (KHSO₅) as the oxygen donor. The contaminated soils were artificially prepared by spiking PCP to the kaolin and ando soils. Three types of iron(III)-porphyrin complexes, tetra(?p-sulfophenyl) porphineiron(III) (Fe(III)-TPPS), tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridil)porphineiron(III) (Fe(III)-TMPyP) and heme, were examined, and Fe(III)-TPPS was found to be the most effective for removing PCP. Although the sequential addition of KHSO₅ was examined, in an attempt to improve the efficiency of PCP removal, it was not effective. In a preliminary test of various aqueous solutions, the addition of humic acid (HA), with a lower degree of humification, led to a significant enhancement in PCP removal. When HA was added to the soil system, the percentages of PCP removal were increased by up to 10% compared to the absence of HA. Therefore, the addition of HA to the catalytic system was useful in enhancing PCP removal from contaminated soil.     

Gamma radiation measurements and dose rates in commercially-used natural tiling rocks (granites)

The gamma radiation in samples of a variety of natural tiling rocks (granites) imported in Cyprus for use in the building industry was measured, employing high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy. The rock samples were pulverised, sealed in 1-l plastic Marinelli beakers, and measured in the laboratory with an accumulating time between 10 and 14 h each. From the measured gamma-ray spectra, activity concentrations were determined for (232)Th (range from 1 to 906 Bq kg(-1)), (238)U (from 1 to 588 Bq kg(-1)) and (40)K (from 50 to 1606 Bq kg(-1)). The total absorbed dose rates in air calculated from the concentrations of the three radionuclides ranged from 7 to 1209 nGy h(-1) for full utilization of the materials, from 4 to 605 nGy h(-1) for half utilization and from 2 to 302 nGy h(-1) for one quarter utilization. The total effective dose rates per person indoors were determined to be between 0.02 and 2.97 mSv y(-1) for half utilization of the materials. Applying dose criteria recently recommended by the EU for superficial materials, 25 of the samples meet the exemption dose limit of 0.3 mSv y(-1), two of them meet the upper dose limit of 1 mSv y(-1) and only one clearly exceeds this limit.     

紫外分光光度法测定总氮空白值过高原因分析

碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法测定总氮过程中,常常发生空白值过高而影响测定的情况,可能造成空白值过高的原因很多．主要包括纯水质量、试剂纯度、实验条件等几个方面,通过对可能造成总氮测定空白值过高的各项原因进行逐一系统分析和试验．发现造成空白值过高的原因主要为试剂过硫酸钾纯度不够,含有的总氮杂质过高所致,采用二次重结晶的方法时过硫酸钾试剂提纯后使用。同时严格地按照标准方法要求控制实验条件,即可大大降低总氮测定的空白值。     

关于高氯废水COD分析的多种方法的比对

本实验采用氯气校正法和低浓度重铬酸钾氧化法来分别测定高氯废水的COD值,两种方法主要针对氯离子浓度小于8000mg／l,COD值小于110mg／l的水样进行分析。试验结果表明：采用氯气校正法虽然可行,但是实验装置复杂,可控性差,数据结果精密度差,准确度不高;采用低浓度重铬酸钾氧化法进行高氯废水的coD测定,结果较为准确,且操作同国家标准法（GB11914—89）基本一致,操作过程简单可行,实用价值高。     

Soil microbial response to waste potassium silicate drilling fluid

Potassium silicate drilling fluids (PSDF) are a waste product of the oil and gas industry with potential for use in land reclamation. Few studies have examined the influence of PSDF on abundance and composition of soil bacteria and fungi. Soils from three representative locations for PSDF application in Alberta, Canada, with clay loam, loam and sand textures were studied with applications of unused, used once and used twice PSDF. For all three soils, applying ≥40 m³/ha of used PSDF significantly affected the existing soil microbial flora. No microbiota was detected in unused PSDF without soil. Adding used PSDF to soil significantly increased total fungal and aerobic bacterial colony forming units in dilution plate counts, and anaerobic denitrifying bacteria numbers in serial growth experiments. Used PSDF altered bacterial and fungal colony forming unit ratios of all three soils.     

Soil microbial response to waste potassium silicate drilling fluid

Potassium silicate drilling fluids(PSDF) are a waste product of the oil and gas industry with potential for use in land reclamation. Few studies have examined the influence of PSDF on abundance and composition of soil bacteria and fungi. Soils from three representative locations for PSDF application in Alberta, Canada, with clay loam, loam and sand textures were studied with applications of unused, used once and used twice PSDF. For all three soils, applying ≥ 40 m3/ha of used PSDF significantly affected the existing soil microbial flora. No microbiota was detected in unused PSDF without soil. Adding used PSDF to soil significantly increased total fungal and aerobic bacterial colony forming units in dilution plate counts, and anaerobic denitrifying bacteria numbers in serial growth experiments.Used PSDF altered bacterial and fungal colony forming unit ratios of all three soils.     

大型蚤急性毒性试验的质量控制

为加强大型蚤急性毒性试验的质量控制,采用重铬酸钾作为参考毒物分析了不同日龄母蚤所产幼蚤的毒性效应变化。研究发现,在大型蚤急性毒性试验中,对于在11~56日龄期间的母蚤,以35日龄母蚤所产幼蚤对重铬酸钾的敏感度最高,47日龄母蚤所产幼蚤的敏感度最低。在一定范围内,提高稀释水硬度可显著降低大型蚤对重铬酸钾的敏感度。重铬酸钾的24h-EC ₅₀值的实验室精密度以29~42日龄母蚤组所产幼蚤最好,其次为15~28日龄母蚤组;经t检验,大于42日龄母蚤组所产幼蚤对重铬酸钾24h-EC ₅₀值与15~28日龄母蚤组有显著性差异(P＜0.05),与29~42日龄母蚤组有高度显著性差异(P＜0.01),表明以20℃为大型蚤培养温度时,大型蚤毒性试验宜选用15~42天母蚤所产幼蚤。进行大型蚤急性毒性试验时,应定期使用参考毒物检查毒性试验的实验精密度并运用质量控制图来验证持续的实验室能力。     

Hygroscopic properties of sodium and potassium salts as related to saline mineral dusts and sea salt aerosols

Mineral dust,soil,and sea salt aerosols are among the most abundant primary inorganic aerosols in the atmosphere,and their hygroscopicity affects the hydrological cycle and global climate.We investigated the hygroscopic behaviors of six Na-and K-containing salts commonly found in those primary organic aerosols.Their hygroscopic growths as a function of relative humidity(RH) agree well with thermodynamic model prediction.Temperature dependence of deliquescence RH(DRH) values for five of those sal...