重铬酸钾用量对硫铬氧化法测定土壤有机碳的影响

硫铬氧化法是在恒温加热条件下（135±2℃）,浓H2SO4介质中,用K2Cr2O7氧化土壤中的有机碳,通过分光光度法测定被还原的三价铬（Cr3＋）含量来计算出土壤有机碳的含量。实验发现适当增加重铬酸钾的用量可提高分析方法的测定上限,更好适应土壤有机碳的测定。     

原子吸收光谱法测定酸雨中K、Na、Ca、Mg方法改进

用0．1％硝酸溶液配制混合标准溶液,不加抗干扰试剂,火焰原子吸收光谱法直接测定酸雨中K、Na、Ca、Mg,方法精密度、准确度满足酸雨监测的分析要求。     

臭氧/高锰酸盐预氧化对生物过滤净水效能的影响

比较了臭氧(O3)和高锰酸盐复合药剂(PPC)对水源水预氧化的助凝效果及其对后续陶粒生物过滤净水效能的影响.结果表明,两种预氧化剂投加量均为2 mg/L时,PPC的助凝效果较为明显,浊度和溶解性有机碳(DOC)的去除率分别由未投加氧化剂时的85.7%和24.2%提高到88.3Z和35.2%;O3能够增加沉淀后水的可生化性,使特征紫外吸光度(SUVA)由0.97L/(m·mg)降至0.89 L/(m·mg).PPC预氧化有助于生物过滤对浊度的稳定去除,而O3预氧化则有助于生物过滤对DOC的去除.与O3预氧化相比,PPC预氧化有利于后续生物过滤运行初期对NH4 -N的去除,二者后续生物过滤在前3个月对NH4 -N的平均去除率分别为26.6%和73.1%,运行后期二者NH4 -N去除率接近.当进水NH4 -N大于2.0 mg/L时,DO是其去除的主要限制因素.     

高铁酸钾降解苯酚的机制研究

借助高效液相色谱(HPLC),通过标准物比对法和添加标准物法,研究了高铁酸钾降解苯酚的开环产物.结果表明,高铁酸钾降解苯酚的主要稳定的中间产物有顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、草酸和甲酸.并据此推导出苯酚被高铁酸钾氧化降解的可能途径.     

酒石酸钾钠溶液对氨氮标准曲线的影响

通过对酒石酸钾钠溶液存放时间和保存条件的跟踪试验,发现该试剂的存放时间越长,绘制的氨氮标准曲线的截距就越大;并分析了在绘制氨氮标准曲线时显色液易浑浊和截距常常偏大的原因;就此提出了酒石酸钾钠溶液的有效期和保存方法,以进一步提高氨氮测定的准确度。     

垃圾渗滤液COD检测方法中Cl~-干扰问题的讨论

化学需氧量(COD)是垃圾渗滤液检测的一项重要指标,渗滤液中高浓度的氯离子(Cl-)对COD检测的干扰问题未引起足够的重视.通过实验对比了重铬酸钾回流法、快速消解分光光度法、碱性高锰酸钾法和紫外分光光度法检测渗滤液COD时的Cl-干扰程度.普遍采用的重铬酸钾回流法,由于Cl-存在干扰,掩蔽剂不能完全有效掩蔽,Cl-≤3550mg·L-1时测量结果并不准确;快速消解分光光度法并没有从根本上消除Cl-的干扰;碱性高锰酸钾法虽能消除Cl-干扰,但氧化效率只有重铬酸钾的60%左右;紫外分光光度法不仅时间短、效率高,还能有效避免Cl-带来的干扰.在COD值≤150mg·L-1的稳定水质中UV254与COD值有较高的显著相关性,相关系数为0.9985;UV365在COD值≤600mg·L-1都有很显著的相关性,相关系数为0.9996.UV365比UV254具有更广的检测范围和更高的COD相关性.     

Plant uptake of radiocaesium from artificially contaminated soil monoliths covering major European soil types

Uptake of ¹³⁷Cs was measured in different agricultural plant species (beans, lettuce, barley and ryegrass) grown in 5 undisturbed soil monoliths covering major European soil types. The first cultivation was made three years after soil contamination and plants were grown during 3 successive years. The plant–soil ¹³⁷Cs transfer factors varied maximally 12-fold among soils and 35-fold among species when grown on the same soil. Single correlations between transfer factors and soil properties were found, but they varied widely with plant type and can hardly be used as a predictive tool because of the few soils used. The variation of ¹³⁷Cs concentrations in plants among soils was related to differences in soil solution ¹³⁷Cs and K concentrations, consistent with previous observations in hydroponics and pot trials. Absolute values of transfer factors could not be predicted based on a model validated for pot trials. The ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration in soil solution decreased significantly (11- to 250-fold) for most soils in the 1997–1999 period and is partly explained by decreasing K in soil solution. Transfer factors of lettuce showed both increasing and decreasing trends between 2 consecutive years depending on soil type. The trends could be explained by the variation in ¹³⁷Cs and K concentrations in soil solution. It is concluded that differences in ¹³⁷Cs transfer factors among soils and trends in transfer factors as a function of time can be explained from soil solution composition, as shown previously for pot trials, although absolute values of transfer factors could not be predicted.     

Radionuclide content of building materials and associated gamma dose rates in Egyptian dwellings

Studies have been carried out to determine the natural radioactivity in some building materials (bricks, tiles, marble and ceramics) and their associated radiation hazard. The radioactivity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K were measured using a gamma spectrometer with a Hp–Ge detector. The activities of ²³⁸U and ²³⁴U were measured using an alpha-spectrometer with a surface barrier detector after applying a radiochemical procedure. The ²³⁴U/²³⁸U isotopic ratios were calculated. The radium equivalent activities and the radiation hazard index associated with the natural radionuclides were calculated. A computer program was developed and applied to calculate the dose rate a person will receive from the walls of a room constructed from the studied building materials.     

原子吸收法测定降水中的钾、钠、钙、镁的改进

对标准分析方法中的K、Na、Ca、Mg分开测定改进为混合测定。改进法与标准法的校准曲线、精密度与准确度均较为一致。改进法简化了操作程序，提高了工作效率。