油田高含水期采出液污水处理剂的选择

对辽河油田锦１６西块高含水期采出液的水处理剂进行了筛选，经实验对比，最后确定新型水处理剂Ｊ－０９使用效果最佳，继而又确定了其最佳用量     

某实验室2017年全国个人剂量监测能力考核结果分析

目的:对2017年参加全国个人剂量监测能力考核的结果进行分析与总结,改进监测分析方法,提高监测技术能力。方法:依据《2017年度全国个人剂量监测能力考核方案》的要求进行考核。结果:检测结果报告值分别为0.56,2.50,0.50,1.94,3.73,与参考值相比较,单组性能为0.01~0.02,综合性能为0.02,考核评定结果为优秀。结论:本实验室个人剂量监测系统状态稳定,测量结果准确可靠。     

Spatial distribution of health risks for residents located close to solvent-consuming industrial VOC emission sources

Emissions derived from the consumption of organic solvents have been proven to be the primary industrial source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In conjunction with epidemiologic studies, water-based paints (WBPs) and solvent-based paints (SBPs) were selected as representatives of newly developed solvents and traditional solvents, respectively, to simulate the effects of consuming solvents emitted during industrial production. And non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to residents near emission sources were studied in detail. The results showed that the spatial distribution of health risks varied with meteorological conditions and type of emission source, and the prevailing wind direction strongly affected the distribution range and shape of the influenced area. The areas of influence maximized on heavy-polluting days for both WBP and SBP emission sources with the total span reaching 804 m and 16 km, respectively; meanwhile, the areas of influence for carcinogenic risk resulting from WBP emission sources were 1.2 and 2.3 times greater than those measured on fine and rainy days, respectively, and 1.8 and 2.9 times greater for SBP emission sources. Compared with WBPs, the total spans of negatively influenced regions resulting from SBP emission sources were 10.4, 12.5 and 19.9 times greater on fine, rainy and heavy-polluting days, respectively. Therefore, carcinogenic risk was the dominant health threat for populations residing close to solvent-consuming industrial emission sources. The findings suggest that newly developed solvents are capable of significantly reducing consequent health threats, nevertheless, they could still pose occasional threats to nearby residents under specific meteorological conditions.     

泥石流起动的突变学特征

泥石流起动是泥石流发生、发展、成灾全过程中的关键环节,起动规律是泥石流预测预报和灾害防治的理论基础。对建立在实验基础上的泥石流起动条件进行适当变换,得到泥石流起动势函数,它符合尖点突变模型。进一步分析,发现准泥石流体起动时具有突变、缓慢和过渡状态等多条路径,并在起动临界点附近具有发散性和模态软化等性质。根据这些起动特性提出的单沟泥石流预测方法以及通过调控准泥石流体起动条件使之不起动,达到泥石流灾害治理防患于未然的新途径,已在泥石流防治中取得了实效。     

Estimation of annual potential evapotranspiration at regional scale based on the effect of moisture on soil respiration

Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is an important component of water cycle. For traditional models derived from the principle of aerodynamics and the surface energy balance, its calculation always includes many parameters, such as net radiation, water vapor pressure, air temperature and wind speed. We found that it can be acquired in an easier way in specific regions. In this study, a new PET model (PETP model) derived from two empirical models of soil respiration was evaluated using the Penman-Monteith equation as a standard method. The results indicate that the PETP model estimation concur with the Penman-Monteith equation in sites where annual precipitation ranges from 717.71 mm to 1727.37 mm (R² = 0.68, p = 0.0002), but show large discrepancies in all sites (R² = 0.07, p = 0.1280). Then we applied our PETP model at the global scale to the regions with precipitation higher than 700 mm using 2.5° CMAP data to obtain the annual PET for 2006. As expected, the spatial pattern is satisfactory overall, with the highest PET values distributed in the lower latitudes or coastal regions, and with an average of 1292.60 ± 540.15 mm year⁻¹. This PETP model provides a convenient approach to estimate PET at regional scales.     

福州市公交枢纽站地表灰尘重金属含量、来源及其健康风险评价

城市地表灰尘中的重金属已成为城市环境和人类健康最重要的威胁之一. 为评价地表灰尘重金属的污染水平,研究了福州市公交枢纽站地表灰尘中的重金属质量分数、来源及其可能产生的健康风险. 结果表明:福州市公交枢纽站地表灰尘中w(Cr)、w(Cu)、w(Zn)和w(Cd)分别是福州市城区土壤的2.74、4.21、4.01和4.68倍. 灰尘中重金属Co、Ni和Mn主要来源于城市土壤,Cd、Pb和Cu来源于交通运输过程,Cr来源于城市土壤和交通运输,Zn主要来源于交通运输、城市生活污染和工业活动等复合污染源. 不同暴露途径的重金属暴露剂量和非致癌风险大小排序为消化道>皮肤接触>呼吸吸入. 地表灰尘中重金属非致癌总风险为儿童高于成人. 致癌重金属的暴露风险为Cd>Ni>Cr. 城市公交枢纽站地表灰尘中重金属污染受交通运输影响较大.      

Concentrations of natural radionuclides in imported mineral substances

Levels of natural radionuclides, such as thorium-232 (232Th), radium-226 (226Ra) and potassium-40 (40K), were determined in about 2,000 samples of imported mineral substances using gamma spectrometry. The maximum concentration levels of 232Th, 226Ra and 40K were 1,260 +/- 54, 13,400 +/- 94 and 1,256 +/- 260 Bq kg(-1), respectively, in zirconium compounds. Due to relatively high concentrations of the above-mentioned radionuclides in some imported mineral substances, the National Radiation Protection Department (NRPD), as the competent authority, has established national limits (900 Bq kg(-1) for 232Th, 1800 Bq kg(-1) for 226Ra and 11,000 Bq kg(-1) for 40K), based on the external exposures, for general importation permits of these materials.     

室内环境污染及防治对策

室内环境污染已成为现实生活中越来越显著的问题,严重影响着人们的身体健康,应该尽早建立监测和监督管理制度。本文对此进行了研究和探讨,并提出相应对策,指出了室内环境污染的防治要从源头有效控制和普及居住健康知识以及加强监督管理三个方面入手,住宅装修要坚持绿色方向,推广使用室内空气净化设施,选择好装饰材料,注意家电污染,增加室内换气频率,政府部门要加强对行业的监督管理,加强科研工作,制定绿色产品标准。     

城市事故灾难风险分析研究

城市事故灾难风险分析是以城市整体为研究对象,涉及理、工、文、管多学科领域的城市安全管理重要内容。笔者提出城市事故灾难风险分析的基本思路和一般研究框架;归纳出城市事故灾难风险分析应包括:基于事故发生可能性的研究、基于事故预测模型的研究、基于风险值的研究、不确定性的研究等主要研究内容,并介绍了每个研究内容的国内外研究现状;针对研究内容评述其领域未来发展方向和热点问题。     

锰矿废弃地重金属污染土壤的评价及修复措施探讨

采用地积累指数及LarsHakanson潜在生态危害指数法对湘潭锰矿废弃地重金属的生态危害进行评价与比较。结果表明,CA、Mn、Pb、Zn、的地积累指数均大于5,达到极严重污染水平,Cu为中等污染水平。5种重金属的潜在生态危害系数和潜在生态危害指数表明,Mn、Pb、CA为极强的生态危害,Zn为中等生态危害,Cu为轻微生态危害,Mn、Pb、CA生态危害系数均高于极强生态危害系数的临界值,为该地区产生生态危害的主要因子。多种重金属潜在生态危害指数表明,该地区重金属污染属于极强的生态危害。两种评价方法对比,潜在生态危害指数法略为保守,两者结合更具实际应用意义。