基于熵权的山区公路自然环境影响多目标评价

科学合理地进行公路建设自然环境影响评价是正确处理公路建设和自然环境保护之间关系、实施可持续发展的前提。分析了现行公路设计相关规范,提出了适用于公路设计方案比选需求的自然环境影响评价指标体系和评价方法。采用公路路线设计、桥梁设计、隧道设计、防护工程和临时工程5个方面共17个指标进行评价,并在规范和一定数据统计的基础上,给出了各个评价等级的标准。用层次分析法(AHP)确定子系统的权重,熵值法确定评价指标的权重,以求同时反映评价分级的主观性和实测数据的客观性。以常吉高速公路为实例,分析结果表明：该公路自然环境影响等级属于“良好”级偏“中”;与实际情况相符,表明评价方法可行     

黄山至塔岭和小贺至桃林公路的生态影响及其减缓对策研究

分析了拟建的黄山至塔岭和小贺至桃林公路建设对沿线不同生态功能区以及土地利用类型改变的环境影响．从而提出了路域生态系统的设计原则．并对路基边坡、路堑边坡、中央分隔带、互通立交、村镇路段、局部林区边缘、垂直绿化和动物通道的生态工程提出了针对性实施方案。     

特大断面公路隧道线型感温火灾探测系统适用性研究

随着我国公路交通量日益增多,大断面、特大断面公路隧道不断涌现,可靠、有效的隧道火灾探测越来越重要。选取了6种典型的隧道断面,综合考虑探测器类型、纵向风速、火源功率、火源位置等因素,运用火灾动力学模拟软件FDS分析了系列火灾场景下温度、烟气分布、探测器报警时间、报警位置偏移量等特性。研究结果表明: 隧道断面尺寸、纵向风速越大,感温探测器报警时间越长。通过对顶棚烟气温度的分析,发现特大断面隧道中线型感温探测系统采用差温报警较定温报警更有效。在使用差温报警时,纵向通风会使报警位置发生偏移,报警位置偏移量d与隧道纵向风速v、火源到隧道顶棚距离Hd满足线性关系式:d=6.404v+0.923Hd-6.762。随着隧道断面尺寸的增大,需要敷设更多的感温光纤以在规定时间(60 s)内探测到火灾。对于高度H≥12 m的隧道,即使增设多条感温光纤,也无法在60 s内有效报警,需补充设置基于火焰和烟气特征的非接触式火灾探测器。     

都(江堰)汶(川)公路泥石流危险性评价及活动趋势

泥石流危险性评价是合理制定泥石流防治方案和进行泥石流防治工程设计的必要前提。板子沟、桃关沟、登基沟和彻底关沟是岷江两岸的大型泥石流沟,严重威胁着沟口公路桥梁的安全。危险性评价结果表明,登基沟、桃关沟和板子沟均为具有高度危险的泥石流沟,危险度分别为0.74、0.69和0.68,高度危险的泥石流沟可造成重大灾难和严重危害。彻底关沟泥石流危险度为0.50,属中度危险。板子沟、桃关沟和彻底关沟均为低频率泥石流或高含沙洪水,平均20～50年发生一次;登基沟泥石流(包括高含沙洪水)发生频率稍高,平均5～10年发生一次。研究表明,如果板子沟和桃关沟内人工采石的强度能得到有效控制,没有明显迹象表明上述4条沟的泥石流活动会有增强的趋势。     

大断面公路隧道施工风流分布规律研究

为了采取有效的通风措施降低钻爆法施工的粉尘浓度,以辛庄隧道为例,通过对其掌子面附近风流的现场实测,系统的开展了风流流场分布规律的研究,并采用Fluent软件进行了数值模拟,模拟结果与实测数据基本吻合。结果表明:隧道内风流速度以风筒出口为界,分为射流扩张区、射流收缩区、涡流区、回流区4个部分;靠近掌子面的同一断面上:风速呈“中间小,两边大”的形式,且回流区面积稍大于射流区面积,其中射流区最大断面积约占整个断面积的40%。研究结果对隧道施工通风除尘具有一定的指导意义和使用价值。     

高速公路交通安全现状分析及管理对策

为了分析高速公路交通安全现状,提出高速公路交通安全综合管理对策,采用对比分析法,研判当前高速公路交通安全形势,统计分析高速公路交通事故特征规律,提出基于“6E”的高速公路交通安全系统管理对策。以1994～2013年期间的高速公路交通事故统计数据为分析对象,采用事故起数、事故死亡人数、事故率、致死率、重大事故起数等作为评价指标,对比交通事故总量和不同等级公路事故情况,分析了当前我国高速公路交通安全形势。从交通安全执法管理的角度,对高速公路交通事故发生时间、事故形态、肇事车辆类型、事故原因、肇事驾驶人驾龄等进行了特征分析,在立法、教育、工程、执法、急救、评价6个方面,提出了高速公路交通安全管理系统化对策,为进一步认识当前高速公路交通安全形势,完善高速公路交通安全管理提供技术支持。     

Unified methodology for site-characterization and sampling of highway runoff

Hydrology, roadway traffic conditions, and atmospheric deposition are three essential data categories for the planning and implementation of highway-runoff monitoring and characterization programs. Causal variables pertaining to each data category could be site specific but have been shown to correlate with runoff pollutant loads. These data categories were combined to derive statistical relationships for characterization and prioritization of the respective pollutant loads at highway runoff sites. Storm runoff data of total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP) collected from three highway sites in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, were used to illustrate the development of site-specific highway-runoff pollutant loading models. This unified methodology provides a basis for initial assessment of the pollutant-constituent loads from highway runoff using hydrologic component variables. Improved reliability is achievable when additional traffic and/or atmospheric component variables are incorporated into the basic hydrologic regression model. In addition, operational guidance is suggested for implementing highway-runoff monitoring programs that are subject to sampling and resources constraints.     

中尼公路聂友段公路病害及防治对策

中尼公路聂友段地质、地貌和气候条件特殊,滑坡、崩塌、泥石流和雪崩等自然灾害十分严重,具有群发性、频发性、周期性,并形成灾害链,公路病害十分发育。通过对中尼公路聂友段沿线实地考察、勘测,并根据典型灾害的成灾特征和危害方式,提出一系列的整治措施,其中康山桥雪崩采用明硐加挡墙的方案,樟藏布泥石流和707#滑坡采用修建索桥的方案,扎木拉滑坡崩塌体采用改线加明硐的方案,确保了中尼公路的畅通,而且对西藏其他类似地区也将具有重要的引用和借鉴价值。     

Evaluation of the safety performance of highway alignments based on fault tree analysis and safety boundaries

Objectives: To overcome the limitations of previous highway alignment safety evaluation methods, this article presents a highway alignment safety evaluation method based on fault tree analysis (FTA) and the characteristics of vehicle safety boundaries, within the framework of dynamic modeling of the driver–vehicle–road system.

Methods: Approaches for categorizing the vehicle failure modes while driving on highways and the corresponding safety boundaries were comprehensively investigated based on vehicle system dynamics theory. Then, an overall crash probability model was formulated based on FTA considering the risks of 3 failure modes: losing steering capability, losing track-holding capability, and rear-end collision.

Results: The proposed method was implemented on a highway segment between Bengbu and Nanjing in China. A driver–vehicle–road multibody dynamics model was developed based on the 3D alignments of the Bengbu to Nanjing section of Ning-Luo expressway using Carsim, and the dynamics indices, such as sideslip angle and, yaw rate were obtained. Then, the average crash probability of each road section was calculated with a fixed-length method. Finally, the average crash probability was validated against the crash frequency per kilometer to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method. The results of the regression analysis and correlation analysis indicated good consistency between the results of the safety evaluation and the crash data and that it outperformed the safety evaluation methods used in previous studies.

Conclusion: The proposed method has the potential to be used in practical engineering applications to identify crash-prone locations and alignment deficiencies on highways in the planning and design phases, as well as those in service.     

公路突发交通事件应急资源配置效率研究*

为合理有效配置公路突发事件下的应急资源,从资源投入与产出角度建立3级评价指标体系,在此基础上将应急资源投入与产出比作为目标函数,引入数据包络分析法构建应急资源配置效率模型,采用TOPSIS法对应急资源配置方案效率进行排序。以新疆10个公路局应急资源配置效率为例,分析其资源投入与产出的冗余度,并对有效决策单元进行排序。结果表明:该模型能获得应急资源配置冗余度,并对其进行资源配置效率分析,从而为公路局进行有效资源配置提供参考。