软岩大断面隧道二次衬砌支护时机的选择研究

为探明软岩大断面隧道开挖后围岩的变形与支护时机的相关关系,利用监控测量数据反演分析中获得的蠕变参数,校正ABAQUS的D-P蠕变模型;在此基础上建立数值计算模型,对具有代表性的围岩进口浅埋段、出口浅埋段和洞身段进行了相关的数值分析,研究软岩大断面隧道岩体的变形规律和支护时机之间的关系;通过埋设现场监控量测点对二衬支护时机的结果进行了验证。研究结果表明:出口和进口浅埋段的V级围岩,开挖后岩体的变形速率大、时间短,选择以最终位移量的80%为最佳支护时机,二衬的最佳支护时机为隧道开挖支护后的15 d左右;洞身段IV级围岩具有变形速率小、时间长,以最终位移量的90%为最佳支护时机,洞身段二衬的最佳支护时机为隧道开挖支护后的30 d左右。现场验证表明,选择的二次衬砌支护的时机是可行的。     

生态文明阈值和绿值二步测度:指标-指数耦合链方法

拟破解生态文明测度和评价的现存难题:在指标选取方面,评价目标模糊,指标筛选的主观性强,缺乏结构化方法,导致指标泛化,与一般环境经济评价混淆;在测度标尺方面,无法确定生态文明阈值,对不同文明阶段用同一把尺子去衡量,导致一些非生态文明区域的排名反而靠前;在应用价值方面,综合指标值失去生态经济意义,只是一个抽象的排名数字,导致测度结果不便于理解和运用。为此,依据文明演化的共生理论创立指标-指数耦合链方法,用以导出生态文明测度的阈值和绿值二步指数。依次运用扎根理论法、PSIR及SEM结构模型、足迹家族法、Lotka-Volterra模型等工具,构建从生态文明的指标体系到二步指数的结构化耦合链。全过程始终聚焦生态文明的本质属性——产业与生态的互利共生性:以定性科学属性为出发点,以人与自然复合系统的结构模型为纽带,以生态文明阈值和绿值二步指数定量模型为归宿点。其中,阈值用产业受力指数、生态受力指数和共生度指数3项指数进行衡量,合称为阈值指数;而绿值用1项综合反映区域产业与生态的总量、共生程度和均衡程度的绿值指数进行衡量。据此进行区域生态文明的二步测度。第一步,基于阈值指数的阶段或资格判定:通过产业与生态的共生性,考量被测区域是否进入生态文明门槛,"未入门"区域处于哪一个文明阶段。第二步,基于绿值指数的水平判定:通过产业与生态的互利共生程度,考量"入门"区域的生态文明水平。研究表明,指标-指数耦合链方法不仅可以有效克服单纯指标体系综合法或指数函数法的缺陷和难点,而且能够将两者的长处结合起来。如此,不仅能够避免生态文明测度结果与物质文明"成正比"的弊端,而且能够通过从生态文明二步指数回溯至指标体系的逆向解耦,分析出导致生态文明问题的根本原因,便于提出切中肯綮的对策。     

Development and Testing of a Physically Based Model of Streambank Erosion for Coupling with a Basin‐Scale Hydrologic Model SWAT

A comprehensive streambank erosion model based on excess shear stress has been developed and incorporated in the hydrological model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). It takes into account processes such as weathering, vegetative cover, and channel meanders to adjust critical and effective stresses while estimating bank erosion. The streambank erosion model was tested for performance in the Cedar Creek watershed in north‐central Texas where streambank erosion rates are high. A Rapid Geomorphic field assessment (RAP‐M) of the Cedar Creek watershed was done adopting techniques developed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), and the stream segments were categorized into various severity classes. Based on the RAP‐M field assessment, erosion pin sites were established at seven locations within the severely eroding streambanks of the watershed. A Monte Carlo simulation was carried out to assess the sensitivity of different parameters that control streambank erosion such as critical shear stress, erodibility, weathering depth, and weathering duration. The sensitive parameters were adjusted and the model was calibrated based on the bank erosion severity category identified by the RAP‐M field assessment. The average observed erosion rates were in the range 25‐367 mm year^?1. The SWAT model was able to reasonably predict the bank erosion rates within the range of variability observed in the field (R² = 0.90; E = 0.78). Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

改装 Model 42S 化学发光氮氧化物仪测定大气中NO-NOx-NOy

将美国Ｍｏｄｅｌ４２Ｓ化学发光ＮＯ－ＮＯｘ测定仪改装为ＮＯ－ＮＯｘ－ＮＯｙ同机测量．使用ＮＨ４ＮＯ３标定了不锈钢ＮＯｙ转化器．在６６０±１０℃,不锈钢转化器对ＨＮＯ３和ＮＨ３的转化效率分别为１００％和８０％—９０％．在该温度下,没有发现Ｎ２Ｏ被不锈钢转化器转化为ＮＯ．改装后仪器的分辨率、检测限、响应速率和线性度均未改变．根据对ＨＮＯ３的研究结果,该仪器的ＮＯｙ转化器带来的测量误差不大于５％．使用改装后的仪器连续测定了大气中的ＮＯ－ＮＯｘ－ＮＯｙ,得到可靠、合理的数据     

强风环境非平稳风速模型及应用

提出了强风环境非平稳风速分析模型。该模型将风速记录分解为时变平均风和零均值平稳脉动风分量两部分,给出了经验模型法确定时变平均风的步骤并重新定义了风特性参数的计算公式。分别采用非平稳和平稳风速模型进行了1 851小时实测强风资料的风特性参数计算并做了对比分析。结果显示非平稳模型计算得到的紊流强度和积分尺度较平稳模型小,而平均风速及相干函数的衰减系数则相当接近,非平稳模型较平稳模型更适合描述强风特性。     

Precision Measurements from Very-Large Scale Aerial Digital Imagery

Managers need measurements and resource managers need the length/width of a variety of items including that of animals, logs, streams, plant canopies, man-made objects, riparian habitat, vegetation patches and other things important in resource monitoring and land inspection. These types of measurements can now be easily and accurately obtained from very large scale aerial (VLSA) imagery having spatial resolutions as fine as 1 millimeter per pixel by using the three new software programs described here. VLSA images have small fields of view and are used for intermittent sampling across extensive landscapes. Pixel-coverage among images is influenced by small changes in airplane altitude above ground level (AGL) and orientation relative to the ground, as well as by changes in topography. These factors affect the object-to-camera distance used for image-resolution calculations. ‘ImageMeasurement’ offers a user-friendly interface for accounting for pixel-coverage variation among images by utilizing a database. ‘LaserLOG’ records and displays airplane altitude AGL measured from a high frequency laser rangefinder, and displays the vertical velocity. ‘Merge’ sorts through large amounts of data generated by LaserLOG and matches precise airplane altitudes with camera trigger times for input to the ImageMeasurement database. We discuss application of these tools, including error estimates. We found measurements from aerial images (collection resolution: 5–26 mm/pixel as projected on the ground) using ImageMeasurement, LaserLOG, and Merge, were accurate to centimeters with an error less than 10%. We recommend these software packages as a means for expanding the utility of aerial image data.     

Interlaboratory comparisons in EMF survey measurements

This article presents methods and results of interlaboratory comparison in the electromagnetic field (EMF) survey measurements performed by Electromagnetic Environment Protection Laboratory. Based on the results, the author analyzed factors affecting the precision of EMF measurements, in particular—difficult to estimate—the “human factor”. In practice, the human factor has never been taken into account in the EMF measurements accuracy estimations budget, and the author estimate the importance of this factor that may include even up to half of the total uncertainty of measurements. Taking into account all factors depredating the accuracy of measurements, the uncertainty of the survey EMF measurements was estimated at the level of 2–4 dB.     

负压防护急救车车厢内生物污染物运动扩散的数值模拟与试验验证

为掌握负压防护急救车车厢内生物污染物的分布情况,运用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法和拉格朗日颗粒随机轨道模型,对该车车厢内生物污染物的运动扩散进行数值模拟;并通过试验对比研究车厢内污染物浓度场的分布状态,试验与模拟的结果基本一致。同时表明:该随机轨道模型较好地反映生物污染物运动扩散的时空分布特点;负压防护急救车车厢内污染物浓度较高,医护人员应穿戴有效的个人防护器材。     

人不安全行为的心理测量与分析

分析人不安全行为心理测量与一般心理测量的区别;阐述人不安全行为心理测量量表的编制依据和具体的编制方法;给出了人不安全行为心理测量的初步施测量表,即包括8个分量表的总计750条指标项目。在确定施测范围、选取测量对象的基础上,实施对人不安全行为初步施测量表的心理测量,通过对初试量表测定数据的统计与分析,从750条指标项目中约减择取152条重要性程度较大的指标,组成人不安全行为心理测量的综合量表。通过对综合心理测试量表的现场施测,结果表明:该综合量表具有较高的信度和效度,可满足人不安全行为心理测量的要求。     

氨氮测量不确定度的评定

采用纳氏试剂光度法测定水质氨氮的测量不确定度评定,应该考虑工作曲线、测量重复性、标准溶液、仪器读数分辨率等对测量的影响.