深圳市冬季PM2.5中水溶性有机物的来源特征

利用连续液化采样器（PILS）-超声雾化器-气溶胶化学组分检测仪（ACSM）联用系统,对深圳市冬季PM_2.5中水溶性组分进行在线连续观测,获取高时间分辨率的水溶性有机物（WSOM）,SO₄^2-,NO₃^-,NH₄⁺和Cl^-浓度信息以及WSOM的质谱结构信息.分析结果表明：PM_2.5中水溶性组分的总质量浓度变化范围为4.0~117μg/m³,平均浓度为20.1μg/m³,其中WSOM（25.2%）和SO₄^2-（22.4%）是最主要的贡献组分.ACSM质谱显示WSOM具有氧化态有机气溶胶（OOA）的质谱特征,其氧碳比（O/C）的平均值达到（0.60±0.09）,且WSOM与二次无机离子（SO₄^2-+NO₃^-）和钾（K）有强相关性,与黑碳（BC）的相关性较弱,表明了观测期间WSOM主要来源于二次反应产生的二次有机气溶胶（SOA）和生物质燃烧,与机动车等一次排放没有明显关系.     

东北地区能源消费碳排放时空演变特征及其驱动机制

运用探索性空间分析、冷热点分析、标准差椭圆分析和地理加权回归分析等地学方法,研究了我国东北地区2005—2014年间能源消费碳排放的时空演化特征及其驱动机制.结果表明:①东北三省的能源消费碳排放量从高到低分别为辽宁省、黑龙江省、吉林省,2014年碳排放量分别达到20266、9914、6411万t;②东北三省能源消费碳排放量呈比较显著的全局空间正相关特征,在统计学上显著性检验存在多个冷、热点,其中,热点区主要集中在辽宁省的大连市、沈阳市、本溪市和辽阳市,吉林省的吉林市,以及黑龙江省的大庆市和鸡西市,冷点区主要集中在黑龙江省的大兴安岭市、黑河市、佳木斯市和伊春市;③在省级尺度上东北三省碳排放重心在2005—2014年间呈往东偏移的趋势,在市级尺度上辽宁省和吉林省碳排放重心往西偏移,而黑龙江省碳排放重心则往南偏移;④在省级尺度上,能源消费碳排放主轴方向为"西南-东北",但有往北旋转的趋势,黑龙江省能源消费碳排放主轴呈现往北旋转的趋势,辽宁省和吉林省的能源消费碳排放主轴方向则呈往东旋转的趋势;⑤东北地区影响能源消费碳排放量的主要驱动因素的影响程度排序为:人均GDP产业结构总人口数城市化率老龄化.     

京津冀中部夏季大气颗粒物空间分布特征

为研究京津冀地区雾霾成因,以Y-12（运-12）飞机为大气颗粒物观测平台,对2016年夏季京津冀中部大气颗粒物污染特征进行了观测研究.结果表明,天津市颗粒物数浓度垂直分布特征为1 500 m（以下均为标准气压高度）以下呈单峰分布,1 500 m以上呈单调下降,峰值均出现在0.35~0.40 μm之间,峰值的最大值出现在900 m左右;颗粒物体积浓度谱呈三峰分布,分别在0.30~0.40、0.50~0.60和1.00~2.00 μm之间,峰值的最大值出现在450 m左右.天津市、保定市和衡水市600与2 400 m数浓度谱分布特征为单调下降和单峰分布并存;600 m表面积浓度谱呈三峰分布,分别在0.30~0.40、0.50~0.60和0.90~1.00 μm之间;2 400 m表面积浓度谱呈双峰分布,分别在0.30~0.40和0.50~0.60 μm之间;600与2 400 m体积浓度谱均呈三峰分布,分别在0.30~0.40、0.50~0.60和1.00~3.00 μm之间.天津市大气颗粒物数浓度谱峰值的最大值出现在900 m左右,说明逆温层对气溶胶累积的形成有重要影响.城市间数浓度谱峰值高低受地面颗粒物质量浓度大小影响.京津冀中部大气颗粒物表面积浓度谱在600 m呈三峰分布,在2 400 m呈双峰分布,可能是因为2 400 m空中以细粒子为主.京津冀中部大气颗粒物体积浓度谱在600与2 400 m空中均为三峰分布,而国外为双峰分布,发现粗粒子峰值粒径范围差别较大,这是由于国内PM_2.5在PM₁₀中占比较大.研究显示,京津冀中部600和1 200 m大气颗粒物多来源于山东、河南,经近地面输送;2 400 m大气颗粒物多来源于内蒙古地区,经高空和近地面两种途径输送.      

前处理方法对马兰黄土粒度测量影响的实验研究

采用9种不同的前处理方法对延安新区马兰黄土样品进行了粒度分析,以探讨不同前处理方法对马兰黄土粒度测量结果的影响。结果表明,除去有机物、碳酸盐或加分散剂后,马兰黄土的粒度分布发生明显变化,表现为中值粒径和平均粒径显著减小,粒度分布曲线向细粒方向偏移;马兰黄土中含有一定量的有机质,会影响粒度测量结果。因而,在粒度测量前处理时,需要加双氧水去除有机质;在使用盐酸进行前处理时,可能与矿物发生反应,使得所测粒径变大,且使细颗粒含量减少。综合考虑除去有机物、碳酸盐和加分散剂,前处理方法 7使样品中值粒径、平均粒径和细粒含量变化最为显著。因此,对马兰黄土进行粒度分析时,建议使用方法 7,即给样品加入15 m L浓度为10%的H_2O_2溶液(除去有机质)煮沸使其充分反应,冷却后给烧杯注满蒸馏水,静置24 h,抽去蒸馏水,加入15 m L浓度为4%的(Na PO_3)_6(分散剂)溶液后测量。     

Development of rapid,cost effective coral survey techniques: tools for management and conservation planning

Coral reefs are highly dynamic and productive marine ecosystems, providing habitat and refuge for an enormous number of species including fish, invertebrates and algae. With increased anthropogenic pressures and global climate change, many coral reefs are rapidly declining. Currently, there is limited knowledge on condition and community assemblage composition of shallow fringing coral reefs along the south-eastern coast of Queensland, Australia. With increased demand to determine existence of coastal fringing reefs by National Regional Management groups, a rapid cost effective method to determine reef composition and condition was required. The aim of this study was to determine the benthic structure and extent of two small coastal fringing reefs (Hummock Hill Reef and Stringers Reef) along the Southern Great Barrier Reef. Reef substrate assessments were carried out using a rapid assessment technique and a Point Intercept Method (PIM). The data were analysed and classified using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Percent substrate cover was calculated using a visual basic image analysis program. The Point intercept method showed higher accuracy over the rapid assessment technique (up to 15–40% difference) and was thus deemed a more suitable classification tool for reefs with high structural complexity and heterogeneity. This study focused on piloting a rapid, cost effective Point Intercept Technique using random point count methodology to document coral benthic habitat and extent over a commonly used rapid assessment method as a tool for reef coastal management and conservation. The two techniques were compared and substrate classification success, limitations and errors were discussed.     

Estimating preferences for outdoor recreation:: a comparison of continuous and count data demand system frameworks

Continuous and count data demand system models have emerged as attractive alternatives to the discrete choice random utility maximization models (RUMs) that currently dominate the seasonal, multi-site recreation demand literature. This paper compares the frameworks conceptually and investigates their empirical performance with a common data set. Although the two modeling approaches employ substantially different behavioral and econometric assumptions, results from a recreation application based on the 1997 Iowa Wetlands Survey suggest that qualitatively similar policy inferences arise from the competing structures.     

Characterization of environmental water samples using strontium and lead stable isotope compositions

A simple procedure using both cation and anion exchange chromatography has been applied in the study of lead and strontium isotope composition in rain and stream water samples from remote catchments in Scotland. Whereas the soil released strontium to stream waters, lead was removed from rain water and the concentrations in stream waters were very low. Highly precise analysis by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry proved necessary in the determination of strontium isotope composition. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio in rain water was close to that of marine strontium but the ratios in stream waters were constant and highly characteristic for the stream. In the case of the stream at the Sourhope site, the ratio (0.70798 ± 0.00005) was less than that in rain water and probably resulted from the weathering of one specific mineral. The results suggested that the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios could be used as a stable isotope tracer of waters and to provide information on the weathering processes. Two major anthropogenic components of lead were identified in water samples. One had its origin in petrol additives whereas the other was probably of industrial origin. The low ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios observed in stream waters confirmed the lead as being of anthropogenic origin and the data suggested that there was a movement, albeit very small, of lead from the soil to waters.     

还原性物质对化学需氧量（COD）测定的影响及消除方法

文中论述了还原性物质Cl^-、NO2^-、Fe^2＋、S^2-、NH3、NH^4＋等离子对化学需氧量测定的影响，着重探讨了消除上述离子的方法及原理，从而得出消除氯离子干扰可用银柱法的结论，特别是高氯离子浓度（〉20000mg／D的水样，其效果更佳。NO2^-的干扰可通过加入氨基磺酸来消除。Fe^2＋，S^2-干扰可通过在水样中通入空气，使之氧化除去来加以消除。NH3或NH^4＋干扰的消除，可通过除去水中的氯离子或用低浓度的K2C2O7溶液测定来加以消除。     

废水测流堰槽设计方案探讨

分别计算了一般情况和特殊情况时工厂废水的流量 ,以及各种型式堰槽的测流和排水能力。通过分析比较 ,确定上部全幅堰与下部侧收缩堰相结合的方式是废水测流堰槽的最佳设计方案。     

Rapid karyotyping for prenatal diagnosis in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy

Direct chromosome preparations were performed on placental villi obtained by ultrasoundguided needle aspiration between 18 and 37 weeks of pregnancy in 53 patients. The sampling yielded a sufficient amount of tissue with a maximum of two, and in most cases one, insertions. Placental biopsy is easily performed in cases of severe oligohydrammnios, where fetal blood sampling is usually more difficult. Direct karyotyping of placental villi is faster than chromosome analysis from fetal blood or application of the pipette method on amniotic fluid cells, and currently represents the most rapid approach to prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities from the first to the third trimester of pregnancy.