太湖流域西部圩区陆地生态系统维持和调节功能量化评估

圩区是南方平原水网地区一种重要的地理单元,圩区陆地生态系统维持和调节功能的研究对于圩区内的土地利用优化、生态环境保护与恢复等都有重要的意义。研究选取太湖流域西部地区的圩区,采用物质量评估的方法,对陆地生态系统的水量调节、净化环境、土壤保持和生境维持等4 种类型的生态服务功能进行了量化评估,研究结果表明：①圩区陆地生态系统年可调节水量43.71×10⁸ m³,削减总氮6 079.72 t,削减总磷734.99 t,保持土壤150.76×10⁴ t,景观综合指数介于0.96~1.11 之间,体现出较大的服务价值;②圩区陆地生态系统维持和调节功能的总量和单位面积量在空间上都存在差异性。从总量来看,宜兴、溧阳和金坛各市区较高,武进、丹徒和丹阳的服务功能总量较低,地形及水系分布是造成这一差异的主要原因;从单位面积的服务功能量来看,丹徒和丹阳较高,金坛、溧阳和宜兴处于一般水平,武进最低,圩区内土地利用方式的不同是造成这一差异的主要原因;③圩内生态系统服务功能的管理和恢复应参考服务能力大小,因地制宜区别对待。生态服务功能较强的市区,应发挥其生态功能的优势;生态服务功能较弱的地区,应采取一定的措施对其生态服务功能进行恢复;④研究成果对于圩内生态环境保护与恢复、土地利用结构优化等也具有参考价值。     

厌氧氨氧化耦合脱氮系统中反硝化细菌研究

采用聚合酶链式反应、分子克隆等分子生物学方法,通过构建nirS克隆文库研究了厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化脱氮系统中的反硝化微生物.进行同源性分析和系统发育树构建,结果表明,从nirS克隆文库中随机挑选的100个克隆子中有51个阳性克隆子,共分为12个操作单元.经比对发现这些微生物主要为变形菌门细菌和未知菌类,其中β-proteobacteria占据绝对优势且有较多种类,少部分属于 γ-proteobacteria.     

天蓝苜蓿锌胁迫下实时定量PCR内参基因筛选

选取8个管家基因(h2a、act、18s、tub、ubi、ef1、cyp、gapdh)作为候选内参基因,以不同浓度Zn2+处理下接菌第30d的天蓝苜蓿(Medicago Lupulina L.)接种根为实验材料,筛选用于目的基因实时荧光定量PCR分析的最佳内参基因.研究表明:候选内参基因平均表达稳定性由高到低排序为:ef1>ubi>act>h2a>gapdh>cyp>18s>tub;在不同Zn2+浓度胁迫下,最适内参基因组合各不相同:Zn2+=100mg/kg时,最佳内参基因组合为tub (1.97)和ef1 (2.06); Zn2+=200mg/kg时,最佳内参基因组合为ef1 (1.41)和ubi (2.51); Zn2+=300mg/kg时,最佳内参基因组合为ef1 (1.41)和h2a (2.78); Zn2+=400mg/kg时,最佳内参基因组合为ef1 (2.45)和act (2.55).该研究可为重金属污染地天蓝苜蓿抗性基因和共生基因的表达分析提供理论依据.     

报废CRT中废铅回收的环境效益

为研究报废CRT(阴极射线管)中废铅回收的环境效益,基于治理成本法,从实际治理成本与虚拟治理成本两方面,分别对比研究了废铅单向流动模式与循环利用模式的环境影响. 废铅单向流动模式的环境影响被划分为铅矿开采的污染与生态破坏、粗铅冶炼污染、废铅掺混入建材后的污染,该模式中对废铅的实际治理成本与虚拟治理成本分别为329.20与1 322.56元/t,后者是前者的4倍;在废铅循环利用模式的2种典型工艺中,火法回收工艺对废铅的实际治理成本与虚拟治理成本分别为37.80与3.73元/t,湿法回收工艺的实际治理成本与虚拟治理成本分别为135.10与15.06元/t. 与湿法回收工艺对比,火法回收工艺的治理成本更低、环境效益更好,但其需要在粗铅冶炼阶段中将报废CRT锥玻璃与铅精矿按1∶4(质量比)进行搭配回收. 以典型火法回收与湿法回收工艺治理成本的平均值作为循环利用模式的环境治理成本,与单向流动模式相比,其实际治理成本与虚拟治理成本可分别节省242.75与1 313.16元/t,共节省废铅单向流动模式94.2%的环境治理总成本. 铅矿开采固体废物治理成本、铅矿开采生态破坏治理成本与废铅掺混入建材后产生的地下水污染的治理成本位居前三,三者分别占到了废铅单向流动模式环境治理总成本的47%、19%与17%.      

室内粪土模型中土霉素对主要反硝化基因转录水平和菌群结构特征的影响

反硝化作用在土壤氮素循环中扮演着重要角色,而国内研究抗生素残留对反硝化作用的报道仍然较少。本实验通过构建室内抗生素-粪便-土壤模型,以研究空白组(0μg·kg~(-1))、低浓度组(20μg·kg~(-1))、中浓度组(200μg·kg~(-1))和高浓度组(2000μg·kg~(-1))土霉素对施加鸡粪后土壤中反硝化作用的影响。利用荧光定量PCR(qPCR)和限制性末端片段长度多态性(TRFLP)方法分析反硝化基因(nirS、nirK、narG和nosZ)的响应特征及反硝化菌群结构特点。qPCR定量结果表明低、中浓度土霉素对携带nirS、nirK基因的菌群有促进作用,而高浓度组则表现为抑制作用,而携带nosZ基因的菌群对土霉素的胁迫反应较迟钝。T-RFLP结果显示不同浓度土霉素并没有改变携带nirS基因和nosZ基因的优势菌群结构,而随着暴露时间的延长,携带nirS基因的反硝化优势片段在第30～60天之间发生了变化。这些结果表明不同浓度土霉素可以影响反硝化菌群丰度,但是却无法影响优势菌群,而土壤中其他因素可能对优势菌群的影响更大。     

包头南海湿地磷形态及污染源定量识别

采用钼锑抗分光光度法和连续提取法对包头南海湿地和南海湿地沿黄河边的水体和表层沉积物中总磷（TP）及各形态磷的含量进行测定,以分析其生物可利用性及释放风险,并采用APCS-MLR受体模型结合相关性分析（CA）和主成分分析（PCA）等方法进行污染源的识别并量化.结果表明：①研究区水体和表层沉积物中磷都处于不同程度的污染水平,其中南海湿地水体中溶解性无机磷（DIP）对水体总磷（WTP）的贡献最低,表层沉积物中钙结合态磷（HCl-P）对表层沉积物总磷（STP）的贡献最大,南海湖（L区）和湿地植物区（P区）的表层沉积物具有较高的生物可利用性以及向水体释放磷的可能性,更容易发生富营养化,应引起关注.② APCS-MLR受体模型表明,研究区水体和表层沉积物中磷的主要污染来源为工业废水及生活污水（29.07%）和农药化肥（29.00%）.此外动植物残体的降解（18.49%）也对研究区具有一定贡献.     

Exploratory visualization software for reporting environmental survey results

Environmental surveys yield three principal products: maps, a set of data tables, and a textual report. The relationships between these three elements, however, are often cumbersome to present, making full use of all the information in an integrated and systematic sense difficult. The published paper report is only a partial solution. Modern developments in computing, particularly in cartography, GIS, and hypertext, mean that it is increasingly possible to conceive of an easier and more interactive approach to the presentation of such survey results. Here, we present such an approach which links map and tabular datasets arising from a vegetation survey, allowing users ready access to a complex dataset using dynamic mapping techniques. Multimedia datasets equipped with software like this provide an exciting means of quick and easy visual data exploration and comparison. These techniques are gaining popularity across the sciences as scientists and decision-makers are presented with increasing amounts of diverse digital data. We believe that the software environment actively encourages users to make complex interrogations of the survey information, providing a new vehicle for the reader of an environmental survey report.     

QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF WATER QUALITY SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: To assure attainment and maintenance of desired water quality levels in our rivers and streams, systematic monitoring must be performed. A preliminary phase of the design of water quality surveillance systems is the specification of sampling frequencies and station locations throughout the basin; that is, the development of an adequate space/time sampling plan. The purpose of this paper is to present some quantitative methods which have been developed to identify candidate sets of sampling frequencies and station locations, and to establish priorities for implementing the different frequencies and locations. These methods are useful in the cost/effectiveness trade-off analyses in surveillance system design, and are based on the surveillance system objective of pollution abatement in which it is desired to detect violations in state-federal water quality standards. A spatial priority measure is developed which is dependent both on the water quality profile in the stream and on the information obtained from monitoring stations located in other reaches. Also, a temporal sampling priority rating is presented which is a measure of the effectiveness of the surveillance system with respect to its ability to detect the violations in the standards. To illustrate the quantitative methods, the procedures are applied to the Wabash River Basin.     

A BASKET SAMPLING TECHNIQUE FOR QUANTIFYING RIVERINE MACROBENTHOS1

ABSTRACT: A colonization basket sampling technique for quantifying macroinvertebrates in rubble bottom rivers is described. Basket samplers were compared to collections made using the Surber square foot sampler. Procedure for processing samples is described. Macrobenthos were more accurately quantified by basket samplers because both surface and subsurface habitats were sampled, no organisms were lost when samplers were removed from the river, substrata and associated fauna were retained for analysis, and the samplers were used efficiently in both pool and riffle areas. At the end of the colonization period the basket samplers contained one-half cubic foot of river bottom and macroinvertebrates spatially arranged within.     

广安县农业气候资源定量分析与评价

本文就广安县农业气候资源及其要素对农作物的适宜性进行了定量分析与评价,找到了气候资源的优势和限制因素,提出了开发、利用措施。