Evidential role of municipal solid waste and liquid effluent on environment and public health

Cities in Bangladesh produce large amounts of solid waste (SW) through various human activities which severely pollutes our native environment. As a result, SW pollutes the three basic environmental elements (air, water, and soil) by increasing pathogenic microbial load, which might be hazardous to public health directly or indirectly. In this study, we conducted 30 samples (i.e., soil, water, and air) collected from areas where municipal solid wastes are dumped (Tangail Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh). All the samples were analyzed to assess bacteriological quality for presumptive viable and coliform count using different agar media. We performed serial dilution 10⁻³–10⁻¹⁰ times for soil and water samples, and the diluted samples were spread on Mac-Conkey agar and nutrient agar plates. For the air sample, the sterile media containing petri-dish was placed adjacent to the dumpsite of the municipal waste and kept for an hour. Then all the samples were incubated at 37°C overnight for total viable count (TVC) and total coliform count (TCC). Biochemical tests and PCR were performed for the identification of these microorganisms. The antibiogram study was performed to reveal their (identified bacteria) susceptibility against clinically used antibiotics according to the standard disk diffusion technique. The highest bacterial loads were found in the air: TVC 3.273 × 10³ and TCC 1.059 × 10³ CFU/plate; tube-well water: TVC 8.609 × 10³, and TCC 8.317 × 10³ CFU/mL; in surface water: TVC 6.24 × 10¹³ CFU/mL and TCC 2.2 × 10¹² CFU/mL; in soil: TVC 2.88 × 10¹¹ and TCC 1.02 × 10¹¹ CFU/g, respectively. Microbes from SW can be transmitted through air, dust particles, or flies, and here we found an average of 1120 microbes spread over 63.61 cm² area per hour. Eight bacterial isolates (Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., E. coli, Proteus spp., V. cholera, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Vibrio spp.) were identified by the biochemical test. Among them, E. coli and Shigella spp. were further ensured by PCR targeting bfpA and ipaH genes. Antibiotic susceptibility test results showed that E. coli isolates were highly resistant to erythromycin (80%); Shigella spp. were resistant to nalidixic acid (90%), whereas Salmonella spp. was found resistant to kanamycin (90%). Vibrio spp. were also resistant to azithromycin (80%) and erythromycin (80%), which should be a great concern for us. A semi-structured survey revealed that 63% of respondents suffered from different clinical conditions (intestinal diseases) due to SW pollution. So, steps should be taken to improve the proper management and disposal of solid waste and liquid effluent to save our environment and public health.     

耕地资源价值重建及其货币化评价——以青岛市为例

耕地价值具有多元性,其生态价值和社会价值等非市场价值往往在决策中被忽视,从而导致大量耕地资源被过度地开发及低效利用。科学系统地评价耕地价值是促进耕地资源持续利用的关键。论文以青岛市为例,借鉴资源经济学的市场价值法、替代市场法及成果参照法等研究方法,重建了耕地资源价值体系,并对耕地各项服务功能价值逐一进行了货币化评价。研究结果表明：①青岛市耕地每年提供的服务功能价值高达2.544 1×10¹⁰元,相当于青岛当年地区生产总值的16.76%,是显化的耕地经济价值的4.3倍,若将耕地每年提供的服务功能价值纳入耕地资源利用决策体系,必将有效地抑制过度占用耕地的投资冲动;②青岛市的耕地价值以社会价值为主,占其总价值的50.59%,而经济价值和生态价值分别占其总价值的23.38%和26.03%,其中,耕地的社会价值主要体现在维护社会稳定功能上,占其社会价值的82%;③青岛市的耕地征用补偿标准明显偏低,作为耕地保护主体的农民获得的补偿尚不到工业用地出让价格的10%;④应重新审视“耕地占补平衡”政策的生态环境效应,青岛市为实现区域内耕地总量动态平衡至少付出了3.46×109元（还原利率5%计）的生态代价。     

硝基苯类化合物对斜生栅藻毒性的HQSAR分析

利用分子全息定量结构-活性相关关系(HQSAR)技术研究了25种硝基苯类化合物对斜生栅藻的急性毒性与其结构之间的相关关系.应用偏最小二乘回归技术(PLS)建立了定量模型.在碎片长度为1~7、碎片区分参数为原子类型、化学键类型和连接性条件下,得到最佳模型(Q2=0.921,R2=0.992).为检验模型的预测能力,将数据集分成训练集和预测集.模型对预测集的预测结果与实测值吻合较好,表明模型的预测能力良好.最后利用色码图对模型中不同原子的贡献进行了解释.     

松材线虫PCR标准化阳性对照构建及检测体系的建立

建立了松材线虫PCR检测标准化阳性对照及特异性强的PCR检测体系.根据松材线虫rDNA-ITS区和BxPe12基因的特异基因序列设计引物,并从中筛选出一对特异引物cqubs01/cquba01,该引物能从松材线虫特异性扩增出196 bp片段,而不能对其他种类线虫进行扩增.基于优化PCR反应体系和反应程序,稳定的检测体系得以建立,检测灵敏度为100 ps/μL.以松材线虫基因组DNA为模板,以上述特异引物进行PCR扩增,将纯化后的PCR产物与PMD18-T载体连接之后转入大肠杆菌中,筛选出阳性克隆进行测序验证,最终获得了松材线虫的无害化阳性对照,建立了松材线虫标准化阳性对照的PCR检测体系.对来自于不同地区的12批次近100个样品进行了实际检测验证,其结果与实际发生情况一致,说明本检测体系稳定可靠.图3表2参8     

用于废水处理系统中目标酵母动态解析的绿色荧光蛋白基因质粒构建

绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)可用于研究复合微生物体系中特定目标功能菌的特性及动态变化,本研究为确立用于解析酵母细胞在混合酵母废水处理系统中的动态特性的GFP技术体系奠定了基础.将gfp基因克隆到酵母载体pACT-URA3中,再用构建的重组质粒转化宿主菌大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli JMl09),扩增得到含gfp的重组质粒,荧光显微镜照片显示gfp基因在大肠杆菌内得到了表达,但表达程度不高;电泳图谱及聚合酶链反应结果表明,含gfp基因的质粒不是以游离的形式存在,而可能是以某种特殊的形式和细胞染色体发生了相互作用.     

Fused CFD-interpolation model for real-time prediction of hazardous gas dispersion in emergency rescue

Accidental releases of hazardous gases in chemical industries can pose great threats to public security. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is commonly applied to predict gas dispersion in complex structured areas. It can provide good accuracy but it is too time-consuming to be used in emergency response. To reduce computation time while keep acceptable accuracy, this paper proposes several fused CFD-interpolation models which combine CFD model with different interpolation methods. Spline, linear and nearest interpolation methods are used. A CFD simulations database is created ahead of time which can be quickly recalled for emergency usage and unknown situations can be predicted instantly by interpolation methods instead of time-consuming CFD model. Fused models were applied to a case study involving a hypothetical propane release with varying conditions and validated against CFD model. The validation shows that prediction accuracy of these fusion models is acceptable. Among these models, CFD-Spline interpolation model performs best. It is faster than CFD model by a factor of 75 and is potentially a good method to be applied to real-time prediction.     

基于风险的液化烃罐区建筑物抗爆荷载评估方法

为合理确定液化烃罐区周边建筑物的抗爆设防荷载,有效进行抗爆设计和防护,建立1套系统的抗爆设防荷载定量评估方法。以某液化烃罐区建筑物为例,计算172个爆炸场景,获得4组累积爆炸频率曲线,基于风险控制标准确定抗爆设防荷载。结果表明:爆炸场景发生频率应包括初始泄漏频率、气象概率、泄漏方向概率和延迟爆炸概率;获得的爆炸超压-累积频率曲线是确定抗爆设防荷载的基础,在爆炸超压较低时,与爆炸源中心距离不同的4面墙体的超压累积频率曲线极为接近;随着爆炸超压的继续增大,累积发生频率的差异逐渐明显;液化烃罐区建筑物的抗爆设防荷载应同时满足2个准则,即万年1次的风险可接受准则和风险可接受范围内爆炸超压最大化准则;根据该准则确定的液化烃罐区附近建筑物东墙的爆炸冲击波峰值入射超压为44.6 kPa,正压作用时间为89.3 ms。     

我国煤矿安全文化建设现状研究——来自60家煤矿的证据*

为更好地开展煤矿安全文化建设工作,采用安全文化在线分析系统对我国60家煤矿企业的安全文化建设水平进行分析;利用SPSS 22.0软件分析不同人员类别、性别、工龄、文化程度对安全文化得分的影响;对煤矿安全文化建设中部分得分较低的安全文化元素给出整改建议。结果表明:得分低于60分的元素是安全业绩对待方式、总体安全期望;安全文化得分与人员类别、工龄、文化程度显著相关,与性别无显著相关性;煤矿企业应进行针对性培训,并设计和建设合理的安全理念条目、良好的安全理念载体及完善的安全文化培训体系。     

油气井井筒系统可靠性评价方法与应用

为了保障油气井尤其是高温高压含腐蚀性流体油气井的安全长效生产,针对油气井井筒结构设计的可靠性开展研究。利用可靠性原理,通过分类分析典型油气井井筒部件构成,开展井筒可靠性定量分析方法设计,建立了油气井井筒系统可靠性框图和井筒部件、系统可靠性定量分析数学模型;采用该分析方法对Y油田进行井筒系统可靠性定量估评,估评结果表明:如果采用针对性的措施工艺设计,该油田井筒系统可靠度在投产十年后为0.794 8,与常规设计相比可靠度提高165.64%;评估结果可为Y油田井筒系统设计提供参考;从应用情况来看,与预计情况相符。     

Detection of free microcystins in the liver and muscle of freshwater fish by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

MC analysis of biological tissue is considered to be very difficult due to the lack of validated methods. This is the primary limiting factor for monitoring potential risks in both the flesh of aquatic organisms and the aquatic ecosystem. In this study, an effective method to determine free MCs (MC-LR and MC-RR) in the muscle and liver tissues of freshwater cultured fish was developed using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS). The extraction solvent, time of extraction, eluent and purification of the extract were optimized. Various SPE cartridges were also investigated. In this optimized analytical procedure, an 85% methanol/water solution (v/v) was selected as the extraction solvent, after which the extracts were purified by removing fats and proteins; a HLB cartridge was chosen for MCs enrichment; and 90% methanol containing 0.02% formic acid/water solution (v/v) was used as the eluent. Under the optimized pretreatment conditions and instrument parameters, good recoveries of MC-LR and MC-RR were obtained at three concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 µg g^?1 dry weight (DW)), with values ranging from 92.5 to 98.3% and 92.1 to 98.6%, respectively. The method detection limit (MDL) for muscle samples was 0.5 µg kg^?1 and 0.4 µg kg^?1 (DW) for MC-LR and MC-RR, respectively. The MDL for the liver samples was 0.8 µg kg^?1 (DW) for both MC-LR and MC-RR. The developed procedure was successfully applied to analyze MCs in the muscle and liver of fish samples collected from a Chinese freshwater aquaculture pond during bloom seasons. The MC-LR concentrations ranged from below the MDL to 4.17 µg kg^?1 and the MC-RR concentrations ranged from below the MDL to 2.64 µg kg^?1.