高温下钢及组合钢节点有限元建模及基于构件的分析方法(英文)

欧洲规范EC3 Part 1-1第5章[1]允许工程师使用一些先进的有限元分析软件来分析和设计钢结构,如线弹性、刚塑性以及二阶弹塑性整体分析。这3种极不相同的分析方法,能够用于简支、半连续以及连续节点模型中[2]。节点模型根据刚度的不同,可分为铰接、半刚性和刚性模型;按照强度的不同,可分为铰接、部分强度和全强度模型。尽管大多数的工程问题仅仅要求进行线弹性分析,但仍有一些特殊结构可能要求采用高级分析以降低施工成本,例如底层无支撑钢框架结构。在这种结构中,采用半连续节点(具有半刚度和部分强度特性)进行框架分析,会显著增强结构抵抗名义水平荷载、风荷载、整体缺陷、地震作用时的抗侧刚度和强度,因此在控制的水平荷载下计算的横向侧移可能在EC3允许的范围内。在基于性能的抗火设计中,结构抗火工程师可能想利用钢节点潜在的刚度和强度,尤其是有端板节点的钢结构,这是一种最常见的钢结构施工形式。端板可以是部分深度的,或者是延伸端板,涵盖了名义铰接、半刚性和完全刚性节点模型。本文给出了端板节点高温性能研究的一系列数值分析结果;应用基于构件的方法,建立了这些节点在高温下的力学反应计算公式,以及梁腹板剪应力分量、连接处的拉应力和压应力区域的力学模型。基于构件的方法能够考虑钢节点的热约束效应。对已有钢端板节点试验进行了有限元模拟和基于构件的分析表明,2种方法的分析结果与试验结果的偏差都是可接受的,包括热约束效应。     

我国自然保护区生态补偿机制的构建方法与实施途径研究

基于国家主体功能区划的自然保护区被界定为禁止开发区域,必然要对其进行科学有效地实施生态补偿。本文阐明对我国自然保护区实施生态补偿的必要性,分析生态补偿机制的构建路径,探讨生态补偿标准的确定方法,对生态补偿的方式类型及自然保护区生态补偿机制的实施途径进行深入研究。生态补偿机制的构建路径涉及补偿主体与对象、补偿标准与尺度、补偿方式与途径以及法律保障等内容。生态补偿标准的确定是生态补偿机制建设中的重点与难点问题,需要依据生态保护者的直接投入与损失以及机会成本、生态破坏的恢复成本、生态受益者的获利、生态系统服务的价值等进行核算。其确定方法包括直接成本法、机会成本法、意愿调查法、市场法、生态系统服务功能价值法等。生态补偿的方式和途径是实施生态补偿机制的核心与关键,主要涉及政府与市场两种基本途径。对自然保护区这样的生态保护的重点功能区域,应该充分发挥政府的主导作用,中央与省级财政应加大纵向转移支付力度。同时,应积极引入市场机制,作为生态补偿机制建设的有益补充。     

Bacterial interactions with uranium: An environmental perspective

The presence of actinides in radioactive wastes is of major concern because of their potential for migration from the waste repositories and long-term contamination of the environment. Studies have been and are being made on inorganic processes affecting the migration of radionuclides from these repositories to the environment but it is becoming increasingly evident that microbial processes are of importance as well. Bacteria interact with uranium through different mechanisms including, biosorption at the cell surface, intracellular accumulation, precipitation, and redox transformations (oxidation/reduction). The present study is intended to give a brief overview of the key processes responsible for the interaction of actinides e.g. uranium with bacterial strains isolated from different extreme environments relevant to radioactive repositories. Fundamental understanding of the interaction of these bacteria with U will be useful for developing appropriate radioactive waste treatments, remediation and long-term management strategies as well as for predicting the microbial impacts on the performance of the radioactive waste repositories.     

Assessment of heavy metal contamination in Hindon River sediments: a chemometric and geochemical approach

The aim of this study was to assess the level of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the surface sediments of the Hindon River, India that receives both treated and untreated municipal and industrial discharges generated in and around Ghaziabad, India. Mean metals concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) were in the range of; Cu: 21.70-280.33, Cd: 0.29-6.29, Fe: 4151.75-17318.75, Zn: 22.22.50-288.29, Ni: 13.90-57.66, Mn: 49.55-516.97, Cr: 17.48-33.70 and Pb: 27.56-313.57 respectively. Chemometric analysis was applied to identify contribution sources by heavy metals while geochemical approaches (enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index) were exploited for the assessment of the enrichment and contamination level of heavy metals in the river sediments. Chemometric analysis suggested anthropic origin of Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Ni while Fe showed lithogenic origin. Mn and Cr was associated and controlled by mixed origin. Geochemical approach confirms the anthropogenic influence of heavy metal pollution in the river sediments. The study suggests that a complementary approach that integrates chemometric analysis, sediment quality criteria, and geochemical investigation should be considered in order to provide a more accurate appraisal of the heavy metal pollution in river sediments. Consequently, it may serve to undertake and design effective strategies and remedial measures to prevent further deterioration of the river ecosystem in future.     

基于SLURP模型和输出系数法的三峡库区非点源氮磷负荷预测

为研究三峡入库非点源污染的变化规律,以输出系数法为基础,引人污染负荷系数,建立了计算三峡库区上游流域非点源氮磷负荷的数学模型.将所建立的非点源负荷模型与分布式SLURP水文模型相结合.借助地理信息系统和遥感技术,对该流域土地利用/土地覆盖和气候特征下的流域水文动态过程,以及水文动态过程下该流域输入三峡库区的非点源氮磷污染负荷进行了相关预测和分析.预测结果显示:2020年由于该流域土地利用的变化,非点源氮磷污染的产生量略有减少,但地表径流量的增加使输入库区的非点源氮磷污染负荷有所增加;未来农田产生的污染物量有所减少,但农田仍然是形成氮磷负荷的最主要来源.     

Comparing results of cultured and uncultured biological methods used in biological phosphorus removal

Increasing attention has been paid to phosphate-accumulating organisms(PAOs)for their important role in biological phosphorus removal.In this study,microbial communities of PAOs cultivated under different carbon sources(sewage,glucose,and sodium acetate) were investigated and compared through culture-dependent and culture-independent methods,respectively.The results obtained using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE)of polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S rDNA fragments revealed that the diversity of bacteria in a sewage-fed reactor(1#)was much higher than in a glucose-fed one(2#)and a sodium acetate-fed one(3#);there were common PAOs in three reactors fed by different carbon sources.Five strains were separated from three systems by using a phosphate- rich medium;they were from common bacteria isolated and three isolates could not be found in DGGE profile at all.Two isolates had good phosphorus removal ability.When the microbial diversity was studied,the molecular biological method was better than the culture-dependent one.When phosphorus removal characteristics were investigated,culture-dependent approach was more effective. Thus a combination of two methods is necessary to have a comprehensive view of PAOs.     

生物-化学联合法去除地下水中硝酸盐

采用添加锯末和零价铁的土柱实验,比较了不同填料组成和不同填装方式对硝酸盐去除的影响,初步考察了生物-化学联合法去除水溶液中硝酸盐的效果.结果表明,同时添加锯末和铁粉比单独加锯末或铁粉的脱氮效果好;而只加堆肥腐熟后的锯末比只加锯末的脱氮效果好;只加锯末或堆肥锯末的效果比只加零价铁的好;增加锯末和零价铁的量都有助于硝酸盐的去除,而同时添加活性碳更有助于硝酸盐的去除.此外,填料的不同放置方式对硝酸盐去除有一定影响.在所有处理中,同时加了锯末和铁粉的出水中NO-2-N和NH 4-N浓度最低.这表明生物-化学联合法是一种很有前景的脱氮方法.     

板料成形数值模拟的逆算法研究

依据理想形变理论 ,研究开发了冲压成形过程模拟的有限元逆算法 ,并考虑了成形中的压边力 ,拉延筋等工艺条件 ,实现了计算机程序。通过实例的计算表明此方法能够快速分析成形工件中的变形情况 ,可用于设计前期阶段评价零件的成形性能     

Redesigning harvest strategies for sustainable fishery management in the face of extreme environmental variability

Short-lived, fast-growing species that contribute greatly to global capture fisheries are sensitive to fluctuations in the environment. Uncertainties in exact stock–environment relationships have meant that environmental variability and extremes have been difficult to integrate directly into fisheries management. We applied a management strategy evaluation approach for one of Australia's large prawn stocks to test the robustness of harvest control rules to environmental variability. The model ensemble included coupled environmental-population models and an alternative catchability scenario fitted to historical catch per unit effort data. We compared the efficacy of alternative management actions to conserve marine resources under a variable environment while accounting for fisher livelihoods. Model fits to catch per unit effort were reasonably good and similar across operating models (OMs). For models that were coupled to the environment, environmental parameters for El Niño years were estimated with good associated precision, and OM3 had a lower AIC score (77.61)  than the base model (OM1, 80.39), whereas OM2 (AIC 82.41) had a similar AIC score, suggesting the OMs were all plausible model alternatives. Our model testing resulted in a plausible subset of management options, and stakeholders selected a permanent closure of the first fishing season based on overall performance of this option; ability to reduce the risk of fishery closure and stock collapse; robustness to uncertainties; and ease of implementation. Our simulation approach enabled the selection of an optimal yet pragmatic solution for addressing economic and conservation objectives under a variable environment with extreme events.