在模拟酸雨胁迫下,棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)子叶圆片叶绿素含量和可见伤害症状应变模型研究

以棉花子叶圆片为材料,研究了酸雨在伤害叶绿素过程中的胁迫强度、胁迫时间(胁程)和胁变量三者相互间的数量关系.结果表明,叶绿素含量下降率和可见伤害指数与酸雨pH值之间具有拟合度很高的Logistic曲线关系;Logistic拟合方程中的拐点处pH值和曲线降低率及A,b等参数均是时间的函数,分别与胁程有一定的相关性;在pH值为2.5酸雨胁迫下,叶绿素含量下降率在24h内、可见伤害指数在4h内与胁程之间具有拟合度很高的直角双曲线关系;根据这些关系建立植物酸雨伤害模型.     

环境中对流,扩散问题的控制容积离散方法及应用

本文用控制容积离散化方法模拟计算环境中充体的运动和污染物迁移扩散过程。该方法通用性强、可适用于一维、二维甚至三维对流、扩散问题的模拟计算，另一方面能真实反映水体的运动规律，因而可确保的合理性和稳定性，本文所建立的方法具有较高的精度和很好的稳定性。     

在模拟酸雨胁迫下,棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)子叶圆片叶绿素含量和可见伤害症状应变模型研究

以棉花子叶圆片为材料,研究了酸雨在伤害叶绿素过程中的胁迫强度、胁迫时间(胁程)和胁变量三者相互间的数量关系.结果表明,叶绿素含量下降率和可见伤害指数与酸雨pH值之间具有拟合度很高的Logistic曲线关系;Logistic拟合方程中的拐点处pH值和曲线降低率及A,b等参数均是时间的函数,分别与胁程有一定的相关性;在pH值为2.5酸雨胁迫下,叶绿素含量下降率在24h内、可见伤害指数在4h内与胁程之间具有拟合度很高的直角双曲线关系;根据这些关系建立植物酸雨伤害模型.     

西吉县黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤流失量预报方程

木文在实地测量水库、塘坝淤积量和全面调查影响因子的基础上,利用计算机对获得的大量资料进行了统计分析,建立了黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤侵蚀数学模型。研究结果表明:根据影响土壤侵蚀的主导因子建立的小流域年土壤流失量预报方程,具有较高的精度。预报方程比较客观地反映了各个影响因子对小流域土壤侵蚀的综合作用,它不仅能够根据给定的条件,估算流域内过去和现在的年土壤流失量,而且能够预报未来某一降雨水平的年土壤流失量,同时利用本方程对流域土壤流失量及其影响因子进行定量分析,这对于判定小流域治理总体规划、布设各项治理措施、进行流域管理以及有效地控制土壤侵蚀等提供了可靠依据。 本文研究的结果,已在西吉县防护林工程建设和全县水土流失综合治理中广泛应用,并被 WFP/FAO 中期评价组有关国外专家所采用。     

TiO2薄膜气相光催化氧化低浓度三氯甲烷和三氯乙烯的研究

自行设计了气固相光催化实验系统,以铝材为担载体,TCM和TCE为模拟污染物,在常温、常压下,对辐射光源、气体相对湿度、污染物反应浓度等因素对TCM和TCE的光催化降解反应的影响进行了研究.结果表明,在研究所采用的实验条件下,辐射光源采用254 nm时的降解效率要比采用365 nm时高10%左右;气体相对湿度为40%时光催化降解效率最高;随着污染物反应浓度的增加,TCM的降解效率降低,而TCE的降解效率增加.初步的反应动力学研究结果表明,TCM和TCE在二氧化钛表面的光催化降解反应可采用Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学方程来表征.     

Predicting tree species presence and basal area in Utah: A comparison of stochastic gradient boosting,generalized additive models,and tree-based methods

Many efforts are underway to produce broad-scale forest attribute maps by modelling forest class and structure variables collected in forest inventories as functions of satellite-based and biophysical information. Typically, variants of classification and regression trees implemented in Rulequest's^© See5 and Cubist (for binary and continuous responses, respectively) are the tools of choice in many of these applications. These tools are widely used in large remote sensing applications, but are not easily interpretable, do not have ties with survey estimation methods, and use proprietary unpublished algorithms. Consequently, three alternative modelling techniques were compared for mapping presence and basal area of 13 species located in the mountain ranges of Utah, USA. The modelling techniques compared included the widely used See5/Cubist, generalized additive models (GAMs), and stochastic gradient boosting (SGB). Model performance was evaluated using independent test data sets. Evaluation criteria for mapping species presence included specificity, sensitivity, Kappa, and area under the curve (AUC). Evaluation criteria for the continuous basal area variables included correlation and relative mean squared error. For predicting species presence (setting thresholds to maximize Kappa), SGB had higher values for the majority of the species for specificity and Kappa, while GAMs had higher values for the majority of the species for sensitivity. In evaluating resultant AUC values, GAM and/or SGB models had significantly better results than the See5 models where significant differences could be detected between models. For nine out of 13 species, basal area prediction results for all modelling techniques were poor (correlations less than 0.5 and relative mean squared errors greater than 0.8), but SGB provided the most stable predictions in these instances. SGB and Cubist performed equally well for modelling basal area for three species with moderate prediction success, while all three modelling tools produced comparably good predictions (correlation of 0.68 and relative mean squared error of 0.56) for one species.     

基于感知失衡的外卖配送交通安全研究*

为降低外卖配送交通事故发生概率,通过有序多分类Logistic回归分析个体属性与交通事故关联性,构建交通安全风险感知与配送效率感知失衡模型,分析外卖配送交通安全影响因素及路径关系。结果表明:配送员年龄、入行渠道对交通事故影响显著;COVID-19健康成本感知对交通安全风险感知和配送效率感知的失衡有显著中介调节作用。要实现交通感知平衡状态,互联网平台企业有必要按配送员年龄段、就业渠道实施差异化管理,树立良好交通安全意识。研究结果可为破解外卖配送“交通文明洼地”提供启示。     

土壤体系中的化学动力学方程及其应用

本文介绍了土壤体系中常用的化学动力学方程，分析和比较了它们的适用条件，并探讨了它们在土壤肥力与环境保护中的实际应用。     

外源硅对土壤镉吸附特性的影响

通过吸附等温试验,研究了不同加入量的硅对两种水田土壤吸附镉特性的影响。实验中调节介质的pH值至中性,从而消除了因硅酸盐的加入对土壤pH产生的影响。结果表明:在硅的加入量相同时,pH值较低的土壤对镉的吸附量要低于pH值较高的土壤;镉的加入质量浓度为0～50mg·L-1时,应用Freundlich方程拟合土壤对镉的吸附等温线效果最好;外源硅的加入量在0～120mg·L-1范围内时,随硅的加入量的增加土壤对镉的吸附量会有不同程度的降低。由此推断,对于以往研究发现的外源硅能够降低土壤镉的有效性、缓解植物的镉毒害作用,并非是促进了土壤对镉的吸附,而是可能存在着其他机制,这有待于进一步研究。     

Causal modelling of multivariate outcomes from developmental toxicity experiments

Exposure to developmental toxicants may cause foetal malformations, increase foetal death or resorption and reduce foetal weight. The correlations among these developmental endpoints have been reported, but their causal relationships have not been investigated. Structural equation models (path models) were applied to study the patterns of causation among the four developmental outcomes, number of viable foetuses, number of malformations, number of deaths/resorptions, and average foetal weight; these outcomes were modelled as response variables with the dose level and number of implants (litter size) modelled as independent variables. Three hypothesized path models were fitted to developmental toxicity data from a study of the herbicide 2,4,5-T exposure in mice. One model, which hypothesized that foetal weight, implicitly a mechanism such as cellular growth, affects both malformations and death/resorption (equivalently, viability) with no causation relationship between malformation and death/resorption, described data consistently well for three strains of mice. The most consistent relationship found was a strong direct effect of foetal weight on malformations, and the correlation between malformations and death/resorption (or reduced viability) was likely spurious.