Spatial and temporal analysis of vegetation change in agricultural landscapes: A case study of two brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) landscapes in Queensland, Australia

The majority of landscapes around the world have been modified or transformed by human activities to meet the needs of human societies. The loss of native vegetation for agricultural development affects the sustainability of growing proportion of the world's ecosystems. Factors such as land tenure, roads and agricultural intensification, together with biophysical properties, have been cited as drivers of deforestation. This paper combined analysis of the historical drivers of change with analysis of the trends of deforestation since 1945 in two brigalow landscapes (100,000 ha) in sub-tropical Australia. A selection of these drivers were then applied at a property-level (1000 ha) to test their influence on native vegetation retention. Regression trees were used to identify significant human drivers and biophysical properties, and then a generalised linear modelling approach was used to quantify the effect of these factors on the proportion of remnant native vegetation. Results showed that until the mid-20th century, government policies to intensify settlement did not result in increased agricultural production, but since this time, landscape change has been rapid, and has particularly affected ecosystems on fertile clay soils. Although socio-economic factors were critical in driving deforestation, after 60 years of agricultural intensification by far the most significant explanatory variable determining the proportion of native vegetation retained at a property scale was the suitability of the soil for agriculture. Property size was an important secondary influence. The results were not, by and large, consistent with other studies of landscape change and suggest that generalised principles explaining deforestation may be elusive. Solutions to the problem of over-clearance of native vegetation, therefore, need to be tailored to the specific regional situations encountered.     

定子叶片数对泵喷推进器空化性能的影响

目的 在改善泵喷推进器(泵喷)水动力性能的同时,兼顾其空化性能。方法 以某前置泵喷为原型,采用基于密度修正的RNG k-ε双方程湍流模型,结合Zwart空化方程,数值研究定子叶片数(Ns= 6~10)对空化性能的影响。结果 泵喷空化主要为叶梢涡空化和叶片表面的片状空化,而时–频空化曲线与叶片数目有关,其中单转子表面空化与定子数目相关,而总空化面积与转–定子影响有关。结论 增加定子叶片数虽然提高了泵喷推力和扭矩,但转子叶片及叶梢负荷增加,使空化范围大幅度增加。最终Ns从6增加到10时,总空化体积涨幅超过5倍。分析空化流动中的涡量输运方程发现,膨胀收缩项在空化演化占主导作用,并且随着定子叶数的增加而增大。     

东北地区参考蒸散量的变化特征及其成因分析

蒸散是水分运动过程中地表热量平衡和水分平衡的组成部分,是影响气候变化的重要一项。进行蒸散量变化的研究,对了解气候变化、探讨水分循环变化规律具有十分重要的意义。论文利用东北地区124个气象站1961—2007年的日气象数据,采用Penman-Monteith方程计算了参考蒸散量,分析了参考蒸散量的变化趋势及其变化原因。结果表明,在这47 a间,东北地区年平均气温以0.38℃/(10 a)的趋势递增,但是参考蒸散量总体上却以4.4 mm/(10 a)的速度递减。在地区分布上,三分之二的地区参考蒸散量呈下降趋势,显著下降的地区集中在辽宁朝阳地区,三分之一的地区参考蒸散量呈上升趋势,主要集中在辽宁南部和吉林东部地区。对有关各气象因子分析表明,影响参考蒸散量的主要因子为日照时数和风速。     

基于结构方程模型的京津冀城市用地行政边界效应分析

行政边界如何影响城市用地规模?论文以京津冀为研究案例,基于结构方程构建5个时段（1990、1995、2000、2005、2010年）的城市用地行政边界效应模型,揭示行政边界影响下城市用地的扩张机理和演化特征。研究结果表明：行政边界对城市用地规模的直接影响效应不显著;行政边界通过对经济、人口等中间要素的影响间接作用于城市用地的扩张过程;1990—2010年的5个时间节点,京津冀城市用地行政边界效应的间接影响要素中,财政支出和非农业人口的主导作用明显,社会固定资产、实际利用外资和职工平均工资也在不同阶段发挥了不可忽视的作用;在社会经济发展水平较低、市场化和区域一体化滞后的阶段,社会固定资产是行政边界影响城市用地规模的重要间接要素,而在要素流动较为频繁的时期,实际利用外资和职工平均工资成为构筑在行政边界和城市用地规模间不可忽视的中间要素。本研究可为京津冀城市用地的理性扩张和城市开发边界的划定提供理论支持和政策建议。     

Adsorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions by aminated hypercrosslinked polymers

Two novel polymers （NJ-1 and N J-2） were synthesized by chemically modified a hypercrosslinked polymer NJ-0 with dimethylamine and trimethylamine, respectively. The comparison of the adsorption properties of the three polymers toward phenol, resorcin and phloroglucin was made. The study focused on the static equilibrium adsorption behaviors and the adsorption thermodynamics. Freundlich equation was found to fit the adsorption results well. The effect of amino groups introduced onto the surface of the resin and the structure of phenolic compounds on the adsorption were also studied. The hydrogen-bonding interaction and electrostatic interaction could happen between the amino groups and the adsorbates. The adsorption impetus increased as quantity of hydroxyl groups increased, but the adsorption capacity decreased due to the drop of the matching degree of the aperture of resins and the diameter of adsorbate molecules.     

Particle concentration effect in adsorption/desorption of Zn（Ⅱ） on anatase type nano TiO2

Adsorption/desorption in a new Zn(II)-TiO2 adsorption system was investigated at different particle concentrations (Cp). TEM, SEM and XRD analyses revealed that the TiO2 particles were an aggregation of nano-sized (approximately 10 nm) pure anatase-type TiO2. Adsorption experiments were carried out with particle concentrations of 100, 400 and 1000 mg/L, and their adsorption isotherms were found to decline successively, showing an obvious Cp effect. Desorption experiments indicated that adsorption in this system was irreversible, and the irreversibility increased with increasing Cp. These phenomena could be explained by the MEA (metastable equilibrium adsorption) theory and the Cp effect could be modeled well with an MEA-Freundlich-type Cp effect isotherm equation. This study may help understand environmental behavior of contaminants on ultrafine natural particles.     

天然林土壤有机碳及矿化特征研究

通过野外调查和室内分析培养,研究了马尾松林、常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、红松林和油松林这6种天然林林下土壤有机碳含量及有机碳矿化特征.结果表明,林下土壤有机碳含量都表现出随土壤深度增加而逐渐降低的趋势;双指数方程可以很好拟合出天然林土壤有机碳的矿化过程,准确反映出各天然林土壤的矿化反应特征.天然林各层土壤矿化反应趋势相同,但强度各异.其中,红松林0~10 cm土壤反应强度最为强烈,其下各层土壤的矿化反应强度也显著高于其他天然林的同层土壤;对落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林土壤矿化特征比较发现,凋落物种类差异对土壤活性有机碳含量产生较强烈影响,因此呈现出不同的矿化反应特征.     

本溪市复杂地形条件下三维多源浓度场模拟

用差分方法解三维大气扩散方程 ,模拟了本溪地区SO2 浓度的时空分布。模拟计算表明 :本溪地区SO2 的污染很严重 ,且SO2 浓度的时空分布有明显的日变化。 1 0时以前的浓度值比较大 ;1 0时之后 ,浓度值逐渐减小 ;到 1 8时左右 ,浓度值又慢慢变大。     

温度和氨氮浓度对水体N2O释放的影响

氧化亚氮的释放已经成为了一个全球性的环境问题,水体中N₂O的释放量会随着氮含量的增加而增加.本文通过微宇宙系统的构建,分析氮的转化过程和氮转化基因的变化,并结合结构方程模型分析了温度、氨氮含量对水体N₂O释放的贡献.研究结果发现氨氧化古菌和反硝化细菌丰度均与N₂O释放呈正相关,表明水体中的硝化和反硝化作用都会造成N₂O的释放.氨氮浓度的升高并不直接促进N₂O的释放,而温度和通过硝化作用产生的硝态氮对N₂O的释放有促进作用.此外,硝化速率通过促进亚硝态氮和反硝化菌的丰度而间接地促进N₂O的释放.     

关于循环经济几个问题的分析研究

粗略地估算了我国单位GDP的环境负荷在21世纪中叶以前需要降低的倍数;讨论了工业物质在3个不同层面上的循环,以及对于这3种循环需要给予同样关注的问题;指出了在大循环中工业物质的分类;分析了在经济高速增长情况下依靠大循环提高资源效率的有限性;说明了生态工业园(中循环)要向大循环方面拓展的看法;提出了深入研究企业内部物质循环(小循环)的必要性和可行性.