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71.
Kendall J. Bryant 《Journal of environmental psychology》1984,4(1):43-60
Two perspectives in the analysis of pointing and mapping tasks as the measure of representations of the large-scale environment are examined. These two perspectives are: (1) an individual difference approach; and (2) a cognitive representational approach. Convergence between methods assessing the same geographical/spatial knowledge is necessary as evidence for the existence of unified cognitive-spatial representations of the environment.Three sets of analyses interrelate performance on pointing and mapping tasks. In the first analysis, a confirmatory factor analytic model is applied to short tests of pointing and mapping accuracy to determine whether one or two factors are needed to account for covariation between the tests. In the second analysis, covariation among errors in pointing and mapping of specific locations is partitioned into general and specific method factors using the Schmid-Leiman procedure. In the third analysis, pointing errors for identical locations within the mapping and pointing tasks are directly compared on the basis of directional errors.The three analyses indicate that: (1) tests of pointing and mapping measure highly related abilities; (2) the targets used in pointing and mapping tasks are of differential importance in identifying general and specific method factors; and (3) there is little or no direct correspondence between directional errors made in pointing tasks and those occurring in mapping tasks for the same locations.When results of the three analyses are examined in relationship to criteria for convergence of pointing and mapping tasks, little evidence is found to suggest that directional errors in these tasks arise from a unified mental representation of the geographical environment. However, substantial predictable individual differences are apparent for both tasks. 相似文献
72.
73.
Large-scale environmental research efforts are conducted under frameworks that provide a common basis for evaluating research
in many diverse fields. Such frameworks should be subjected to critical review to determine if they meet crucial expectations.
In the case of the US Global Change Research Program, we perceive that most research follows a framework that we define as
the predictive model framework. We believe this framework is insufficient for resolving the unprecedented predicaments posed
by global change. We recommend a complementary framework, the system response framework, which directs research toward useful
indicators of change rather than precise predictions. We further argue that, even if research is complementary and effective
under the two frameworks, conclusive results prior to decisions should not be expected. The burden of proof must itself be
a continuing topic of open discourse and inquiry. 相似文献
74.
Reyer Gerlagh Snorre Kverndokk Knut Einar Rosendahl 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2014
We study the optimal time path for clean energy innovation policy. In a model with emission reduction through clean energy deployment, and with R&D increasing the overall productivity of clean energy, we describe optimal R&D policies jointly with emission pricing policies. We find that while emission prices can be set at the Pigouvian level independently of innovation policy, the optimal level of R&D subsidies and patent lifetime change with the stages of the climate problem. In the early stages of clean energy development, innovators find it more difficult to capture the social value of their innovations. Thus, for a given finite patent lifetime, optimal clean energy R&D subsidies are initially high, but then fall over time. Alternatively, if research subsidies are kept constant, the optimal patent lifetime should initially be long and fall over time. 相似文献
75.
自党的十八大提出美丽中国建设目标以来,为发挥好科技支撑作用,国家组织开展了一系列关于资源、生态和环境等领域的科技计划,有效支撑了美丽中国建设的理论探索、生态环境保护修复和生态文明体制建设决策支持等方面的科技需求。本文在梳理过去十年国际及发达国家生态环境领域科技研发布局情况,以及我国相关领域科技研发计划和推进情况的基础上,重点介绍了中国科学院“美丽中国生态文明建设科技工程”战略性先导科技专项(A类)的主要研发内容及取得的阶段进展,并基于现状与期望分析,辨识有关领域科技前沿动态与发展趋势,提出关于下一步科技发展方向的建议,以期为党的二十大之后科技推进美丽中国建设的方向提供参考。 相似文献
76.
77.
水葫芦在水生态修复中的研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
水葫芦是水生态修复中研究最早和最深入的水生植物之一.在此,归纳了国内外近年来水葫芦在水生态修复中的3个主要研究方向:净化水体能力与净化机理、控制水葫芦疯长和资源化利用本葫芦.探讨了水葫芦净化系统在水体修复中的合理位置:天然水体的生态修复、水葫芦与污水处理工艺的组合、低浓度生活污水和雨水处理等.最后展望了水葫芦在水体生态修复中未来的研究方向. 相似文献
78.
为把内蒙古自治区环境保护“十三五”规划提前谋划好,设计好,促进我区经济社会又好又快发展,全面贯彻党的十八大会议精神,推进生态文明,建设美丽内蒙古,促进人与自然、经济与环境、人与社会和谐发展,实现"天蓝、水净、地绿、山青"的总体目标。本文从“十三五”规划总体思路、环境保护发展趋势及定位、污染物排放总量-城市环境空气质量响应关系、关于PM2.5的排放现状调查、目标指标体系和重点领域、主体功能区规划下的环境保护政策研究、排放总量优化控制、流域水体断面优化布局、环境功能区划等9个方面提出了初步的研究设想。 相似文献
80.
提出了关于环卫科研管理、环卫基础研究、生活垃圾减量化、资源化、无害化、环卫机械、环卫工程管理等七个方面三十余项环卫科研课题,为有关领导和科研人员选择环卫科学研究课题提供了参考和借鉴. 相似文献