本溪市水环境承载力及指标体系

水环境承载力是近年提出的一个新概念，它是用以定量描述水资源和水污染及其有关参数的一个综合指标，其含义为：在一定的自然环境条件和特定的社会经济发展模式下，区域水环境（包括水资源和水污染）对其社会经济发展的支撑能力．水环境承载力是由水环境系统结构决定的，它体现了水环境与人类社会经济活动之间的联系．对一个城市而言，不同的社会经济发展速度规模及不同的水环境治理对策，其水环境承载力各不相同，水环境承载力是区域自然条件、区域经济发展模式（发展的方向和发展的速度）及相应的水资源与水污染防治对策的函数．水环境承载力具有客观性、变动性和可控性三个基本特点，利用水环境承载力可以评判城市水环境对其社会经济发展承载大小．为区域社会经济与水环境协调发展提供决策依据．     

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: As part of the National Assessment of Climate Change, the implications of future climate predictions derived from four global climate models (GCMs) were used to evaluate possible future changes to Pacific Northwest climate, the surface water response of the Columbia River basin, and the ability of the Columbia River reservoir system to meet regional water resources objectives. Two representative GCM simulations from the Hadley Centre (HC) and Max Planck Institute (MPI) were selected from a group of GCM simulations made available via the National Assessment for climate change. From these simulations, quasi-stationary, decadal mean temperature and precipitation changes were used to perturb historical records of precipitation and temperature data to create inferred conditions for 2025, 2045, and 2095. These perturbed records, which represent future climate in the experiments, were used to drive a macro-scale hydrology model of the Columbia River at 1/8 degree resolution. The altered streamflows simulated for each scenario were, in turn, used to drive a reservoir model, from which the ability of the system to meet water resources objectives was determined relative to a simulated hydrologic base case (current climate). Although the two GCM simulations showed somewhat different seasonal patterns for temperature change, in general the simulations show reasonably consistent basin average increases in temperature of about 1.8–2.1°C for 2025, and about 2.3–2.9°C for 2045. The HC simulations predict an annual average temperature increase of about 4.5°C for 2095. Changes in basin averaged winter precipitation range from -1 percent to + 20 percent for the HC and MPI scenarios, and summer precipitation is also variously affected. These changes in climate result in significant increases in winter runoff volumes due to increased winter precipitation and warmer winter temperatures, with resulting reductions in snowpack. Average March 1 basin average snow water equivalents are 75 to 85 percent of the base case for 2025, and 55 to 65 percent of the base case by 2045. By 2045 the reduced snowpack and earlier snow melt, coupled with higher evapotranspiration in early summer, would lead to earlier spring peak flows and reduced runoff volumes from April-September ranging from about 75 percent to 90 percent of the base case. Annual runoff volumes range from 85 percent to 110 percent of the base case in the simulations for 2045. These changes in streamflow create increased competition for water during the spring, summer, and early fall between non-firm energy production, irrigation, instream flow, and recreation. Flood control effectiveness is moderately reduced for most of the scenarios examined, and desirable navigation conditions on the Snake are generally enhanced or unchanged. Current levels of winter-dominated firm energy production are only significantly impacted for the MPI 2045 simulations.     

论保护三江平原湿地的意义与措施

20世纪后半叶,三江平原进行了大规模的开发,虽然为国家粮食供应做出了贡献,但大片湿地遭到破坏。现在为拯救中国这块唯一保持原始面貌的淡水湿地,当地政府制定了具体的三江平原湿地保护条例。建立了国家级的自然保护区,保护三江平原湿地终于纳入了政府工作的议事日程,为了加深人们对保护三江平原湿地意义的认识,本文从分析三江平原湿地的自然状况、三江湿地开发对当地生态和经济的影响入手,论述了三江平原湿地保护的重要意义和应采取的具体措施。     

论人口-资源-环境-灾害恶性循环的严重性与减灾工作的新阶段

人口、资源、环境、灾害.这是当今世界考虑人类的生存与发展的四大基本问题,目前均已发出“黄牌警告”.抑制社会与自然向恶性循环方向发展,需唤起全人类的觉醒和国家领导更高的责任感:保护环境和防御大灾.需组织国际交流与协作:协词社会的发展与生存.需促使环保减灾工作纳入发展规划;提高环保减灾的效能.需推动其内部机制走向综合化和社会化,这是90年代国际和国内共同奋斗的目标. 我国是四大基本问题最为严重的少数国家之一,本文列述了有关的一些重要资料,以求在严酷的四大“黄牌”的总况面前.激起社会更广泛的觉醒和行动.最后,简述了对减灾工作的一些设想.     

资源物质变换与可持续发展

本文根据资源的“绝对”不可再生、相对不可再生、相对可再生和“绝对可再生”的各自特性，论述了资源物质变换在可持续发展中的重要地位。     

废旧物资回收与固体废物资源化技术

综述了国内外固体废物资源化技术的若干进展,如热分解技术、焚烧回收、残渣利用等,并提出发展我国固体废物资源化技术的对策和建议。     

活性污泥中需氧量的研究现状及供氧系统的节能技术

叙述了国内外活性污泥法中需氧量的研究过程及微孔曝气系统的节能技术，对微孔曝气器与穿孔曝管进行对比，证实前者较后者节电４４％．     

《自然资源学报》1986—2015年零被引论文分析

为达到减少零被引论文发表数量、提高期刊质量与影响力的目的,在中国知网中检索了《自然资源学报》1986—2015年发表的论文作为研究的源数据,从刊文量及零被引率的变化、下载频次分布、作者情况、基金资助情况、所属学科领域等5个方面对零被引论文进行了详细的分析。研究结果表明：1）从季刊到双月刊和月刊,刊文量增加了,但零被引论文比例却没有随刊文量的增加而增加;2）零被引论文虽暂未被引用,但仍然存在一定程度的下载量,将来有可能被引,但也是低被引论文;3）作者分布方面,学生占比较大,因博士研究生是发文主流导致零被引论文中博士研究生人数多于硕士研究生,初、中级职称多于副高级、高级职称,由于高等院校和研究院所是投稿主力,因发文基数大导致零被引论文中高等院校和研究院所多于地方机构,作者群人数以1人为主,机构数量以1个为主;4）论文被引与否和基金资助数量和类别相关性不大;5）零被引论文学科分布以土壤学、地学、气象学和环境生物学为主。最后提出相应对策,建议通过“作者-审稿专家-编辑协同控制”过程,减少科技期刊零被引论文的产生,从而提高科技期刊的学术水平和影响力。     

长江口北支湿地资源和环境现状调查

调查了长江口支湿地环境现状，分析了评价长江口北支湿地的环境质量。指出，长江口北支湿地有着得天独厚的地理位置和自然条件，是世界范围内极具代表性十分重要的湿地，拥有丰富的水资源，动植物资源，滩涂资源等。近年来，由于长江上游河水质量下降，启东和海门经内河流向长江的城市生活污水，启东沿江建设的工业带，对北支口湿地环境质量产生了较大的影响。调查结果表明，长江口北支口水域主要污染物为COD，氨氮等，其污染程度呈现出以下规律：平水期（污染）＞丰水期（污染）＞枯水期（污染）。长江口北支区域陆地土壤中主要污染物为重金属元素镉，铅，锌以及滴滴涕，其中镉与滴滴涕达《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618－1995）中三级标准，其他指标达一级标准。