Characterisation of Indicator Organisms and Pathogens in Domestic Greywater for Recycling

Greywater from baths, showers and washbasins was collected separately from all other domestic wastewater at a university block of flats with a dual reticulation system and analysed for a range of contaminants including indicator organisms and pathogens. Greywater flow and temperature were also monitored and a diurnal variation was observed. Physical and chemical water quality parameters were similar to previously published data, although measured COD and BOD levels appeared to be lower, possibly due to settlement or biodegradation in the storage tanks. Plate counts and indicator organism concentrations were consistently high suggesting a high level of human bacterial contamination necessitating biological treatment and disinfection if the water is to be used for recycling. However, these high levels of indicator organisms did not correlate to pathogen presence and should not be used as pathogen indicators in greywater. One positive count of Salmonella veltereden was observed as well as low levels of Giardia. Cryptosporidium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, enteroviruses and Legionella were not identified in any of the samples. The research also highlighted a number of problems with the complexity of this type of sampling programme, such as identifying the most likely time to isolate pathogens and analysing an ‘unusual’ water source.     

Dynamic stock and end-of-life flow identification based on the internal cycle model and mean-age monitoring

Planning of end-of-life (EoL) product take-back systems and sizing of dismantling and recycling centers, entails the EoL flow (EoLF) that originates from the product dynamic stock (DS). Several uncertain factors (economic, technological, health, social and environmental) render both the EoLF and the remaining stock uncertain. Early losses of products during use due to biodegradation, wear and uncertain factors such as withdrawals and exports of used, may diminish the stock and the EoLF. Life expectancy prediction methods are static, ignoring early losses and inapt under dynamic conditions. Existing dynamic methods, either consider a single uncertain factor (e.g. GDP) approximately or heuristically modelled and ignore other factors that may become dominant, or assume cognizance of DS and of the center axis of the EoL exit distribution that are unknown for most products. As a result, reliable dynamic EoLF prediction for both durables and consumer end-products is still challenging. The present work develops an identification method for estimating the early loss and DS and predicting the dynamic EoLF, based on available input data (production + net imports) and on sampled measurements of the stock mean-age and the EoLF mean-age. The mean ages are scaled quantities, slowly varying, even under dynamic conditions and can be reliably determined, even from small size and/or frequent samples. The method identifies the early loss sequence, as well as the center axis and spread of the EoL exit distribution, which are subsequently used to determine the DS and EoLF profiles, enabling consistent and reliable predictions.     

跳态洗煤废水处理及回用技术的研究

比较了几种无机混凝剂对洗煤废水的处理效果,确定了采用CaCl2作为混凝剂,联合有机絮凝剂PAM处理洗煤废水。结果表明:最佳条件如下,400mL水样中10%的CaCl2溶液加入量为6mL,浓度为0.2%的PAM 6mL,分别以120r/min的搅拌速度搅拌,搅拌90s,最后将水样沉淀25min。     

Survey and analysis of public environmental awareness and performance in Ningbo, China: a case study on household electrical and electronic equipment

Based upon a survey on household electronic and electrical equipment, this paper provides information on the public's perception of the local environmental quality, environmental awareness and environmental performance, and of their willingness to pay for improving environmental quality and making green purchases. The results indicate that Ningbo residents are not satisfied with the local environmental quality, and they would like very much to share environmental responsibility. About 64% of the respondents are aware of Chinese environmental labeling. Nearly 70% and 80% of the respondents are willing to pay for environmental improvement and to purchase environmentally friendly products, respectively. The amount of household electrical and electronic equipment has increased dramatically and most of them are phased out within their product lifetimes. Of all the respondents, 61% chose to reuse and recycle waste electrical and electronic equipment.     

钻井废水回用的评价

本文就四川气田钻井废水的回用进行经济和环境效益评价,认为废水回用有一定的经济效益,但环境效益差,其原因是出水COD值达标率不够高,因而限制了回用率的进一步提高。为提高废水的回用率,必须寻找新的和高效的混凝剂改善COD值的脱除效果,同时进行污泥处理。     

浅谈污水资源化利用

通过对徐州市铜山县水资源状况进行分析,阐述了水资源缺乏和水污染是制约铜山社会和经济可持续发展的首要环境和资源因素,为此提出了控制水污染和污水资源化利用的建议。     

油气田开发后期含油污水资源化处理现状与对策

以江苏油田某个典型的老油区为例，分析油田开发后期污水处理工艺现状、困境与对策，该油田将污水处理后作为驱油介质，实现污水资源化处理，保证污水零排放，并为新油田开发提供可借鉴的经验。     

炼油厂碱渣的治理与综合利用

从武汉石化厂碱渣来源分析碱渣污染物特征和游离碱浓度，概述并浅析目前国内碱渣处理工艺，重点介绍我厂减渣治理中源头控制，分质处理，二次利用的环保效益和经济效益并重的工作思路及碱渣治理的实践。     

高技术再资源化是根治“白色污染”的主要方向

针对“白色污染”日益严重的现状，对现有的“白色污染”防治对策和技术进行了分析探讨，指出简单的技术已不适用，可降解的发展尚需时日，而废塑料再资源化技术才是根治“白色污染”的主要方向。     

厌氧消化技术在城市垃圾处理应用中的制约因素

针对厌氧消化过程中有关城市垃圾的分选、厌氧发酵工艺、二次污染以及肥料的商品化等问题做了具体的分析。结果表明，在城市垃圾的管理体制和厌氧消化技术等方面都存在很多问题。作为有机资源的再利用方式，城市垃圾的大氧消化技术在我国将有着广阔的应用前景。