Traditional agriculture in transition: a case of Har-ki Doon Valley (Govind Pashu Vihar Sanctuary and National Park) in Central Himalaya

Traditional crop diversity and landraces in agricultural land use in Himalaya have great significant for long-term sustainability of agroecosystems, together with conservation and management of the surrounding landscape. Traditional crop varieties and races, which evolved over time through trial and error, not only provide basic nutritional requirements, but also food security. Loss of crop biodiversity has taken place over recent years, principally and inadvertently related to changing lifestyle, growing demand for cash crops in regional markets and burgeoning apple farming, whose acreage has increased with a concomitant decline in area under traditional crops. For sustainable landscape development, on-farm conservation of traditional crop diversity is urgently needed. An empirical study was done to understand the causes and consequences of declines in crop biodiversity and production, effect of apple farming on traditional crops and changing lifestyles of traditional people.     

秸秆焚烧导致南京及周边地区2次空气污染事件的成因比较

从天气形势、卫星遥感火点监测、物理量诊断和后向轨迹模拟等方面分析了2008和2010年秸秆焚烧导致南京及周边地区空气污染事件过程的异同点。结果表明,2008年污染过程受大气底层切变线的控制,2010年污染过程受高压天气形势的控制;2008年火点仅出现在江苏地区,而2010年江苏、安徽和浙江地区均有出现;2008年大气底层气流为弱上升运动,导致高浓度的污染,2010年因受下沉气流控制而导致大范围的污染;2008年污染物来源为江苏地区,2010年则受江苏和安徽地区火点的共同影响,这些差异导致2次污染过程影响的范围和强度有所不同。     

太湖地区典型轮作与休耕方式对稻田水稻季N2O和CH4排放量的影响

轮作休耕是实现"藏粮于地、藏粮于技"的重要途径之一,目前在太湖稻田区域主要推广紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)-水稻(Oryza sativa L.)、油菜(Brassica napus L.)-水稻和休耕-水稻典型轮作与休耕方式。在太湖地区典型稻田水稻生长季设置了6个处理:(1)紫云英-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,MRN0;(2)紫云英-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm^-2,以纯氮计,下同),MRN300;(3)油菜-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,RRN0;(4)油菜-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm^-2),RRN300;(5)休耕-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,FRN0;(6)休耕-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm^-2),FRN300。通过田间试验,研究了不同轮作与休耕方式对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及稻田温室气体CH₄和N₂O排放的影响,从而为综合评价轮作休耕方式提供科学依据。田间试验结果显示,与不施氮肥处理相比,在不同轮作休耕方式下施氮300 kg·hm^-2,可增加53.7%—60.0%的水稻产量,以MRN300处理水稻产量最高,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,水稻产量分别提高了1.6%和6.0%。在不施氮水平下,MRN0、RRN0和FRN0各轮作处理间N₂O排放通量和累积排放量均值差异不显著(P>0.05)。而在施氮300 kg·hm^-2下,紫云英-水稻轮作可降低N₂O排放通量和累积排放量,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,N₂O排放通量分别降低了36.0%(P<0.05)和2.1%(P>0.05)。在同一施氮水平下,紫云英-水稻轮作CH₄排放通量和累积排放量最小,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,MRN300处理CH₄排放通量分别降低了1.1%和6.7%,CH₄和N₂O的全球增温潜势(GWP)分别降低了3.3%和6.5%,单位水稻产量温室气体排放强度(GHGI)分别降低了4.6%和11.6%。综上,紫云英-水稻轮作对提高水稻产量,降低温室气体排放效果最好。     

A STOCHASTIC MODEL TO EVALUATE RIPARIAN IRRIGATION EXPANSION IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: Irrigation has expanded in parts of the eastern United States. In some areas, the adjoining surface (riparian) water is the most economical source of irrigation water. Expanded demand for riparian water may lead to conflict among irrigators and other streamflow users. Accurate information on the potential for and impacts of riparian irrigation expansion is needed to decide if control of such expansion is necessary. In this study, a stochastic economic model to evaluate the impacts of potential irrigation expansion is presented. The model considers the soil, location, and land use characteristics of individual sites, as well as weather and streamflow patterns. The application of the model to an eastern Virginia watershed indicates that, with maximum potential expansion, water availability becomes limited and yields will be reduced in some years. As a result, the expected net returns from irrigation and the probability of breaking even on the investment are reduced substantially. The results suggest the need to consider regulation of surface water allocation for irrigation development in riparian watersheds.     

Biotechnology is compatible with sustainable agriculture

Biotechnology can provide appropriate new tools for use in solution of specific problems in sustainable agriculture. Its usefulness will depend in large part on the degree to which sustainable agriculturists understand the utility of biotechnology and apply it toward ends they deem important. Biotechnology can give little assistance to sustainable agriculture in the short term. It can be more useful in the medium term, and it could be highly useful in the long term as an integral part of the art and science of plant breeding and other components of sustainable agriculture systems.     

废弃泥浆对农作物毒性影响研究

通过采用废弃泥浆对水稻、大麦、和小麦的发芽试验及田间实验,对作物生长发育的几项指标的影响差异进行了研究,结果表明：废弃泥浆对作物毒害效应顺序依次为小麦>大麦>水稻。泥浆中的有毒有机物毒性效应较重金属明显,其次,泥浆的致密性也是影响作物生长的主要原因。     

基于模糊神经网络的水稻农田重金属污染水平高光谱预测模型

以吉林省长春一汽厂附近3块不同重金属污染状况的水稻实验样地为例,通过地面实测获取了水稻的光谱反射率、叶片叶绿素含量、叶片及土壤重金属含量等数据.同时,在分析重金属对水稻叶片叶绿素含量影响的基础上,通过多元逐步回归分析选出对水稻叶片叶绿素含量微小变化指示灵敏的光谱参数作为模型输入层,并将水稻叶片叶绿素含量值作为输出层来表征农田重金属污染胁迫水平,最终建立了用于预测水稻农田重金属污染水平的模糊神经网络模型.结果表明,该模糊神经网络模型预测的水稻重金属污染胁迫水平与实测结果吻合度较高,预测的叶绿素含量值与实测值的拟合度较好(R2=0.985).表明在受重金属污染胁迫的情况下,水稻叶片叶绿素含量微小而复杂的变化可以通过构建模糊神经网络模型很好地模拟出来,从而确定出农田的重金属污染水平.     

雷州半岛南部典型农用地土壤-作物的有机氯农药残留特征和健康风险评价

利用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）测定雷州半岛南部典型农用地土壤-作物有机氯农药（OCPs）的残留含量,探究8种作物对有机氯农药的生物富集特征,并进行人体健康风险评价.结果表明,10种OCPs均有不同程度地检出,其中六六六（HCHs）和七氯是研究区主要污染物,在土壤中残留含量分别为23.83～111.51 ng·g^-1和11.01～25.97 ng·g^-1,在作物中分别为7.54～61.28 ng·g^-1和3.96～30.97 ng·g^-1,少部分土壤和作物样品中该两类OCPs存在超标情况.有87.50%土壤样品α-HCH/γ-HCH小于1,且β-HCH/α-HCH大于1,表明HCHs可能来源于近期林丹的使用和历史施用残留污染,而七氯推测主要来源于地下虫害和白蚁防治药剂的施用.不同作物对OCPs的富集能力差异较大,蔬菜类作物的生物富集能力较强,水果类较弱,且鳞茎类蔬菜（韭菜）明显强于其他蔬菜类别.人体健康风险评价表明,土壤与作物中OCPs对区域内人群基本不会造成明显的健康风险.但韭菜和辣椒作物复合污...     

酸雨和SO2复合污染对几种农作物的影响

采用模拟酸雨喷雾和ＳＯ２开顶式熏气,研究了酸雨和ＳＯ２复合作用对西红柿,胡萝卜和棉花等农作物产量的影响及其机理。通过模拟试验,发现酸雨和ＳＯ２使农物生产受阻,产量降低,其二者的昨合作用明显高于单一因素的作用,但其交互作用不显著。并通过模拟的盯关方程计算出农作物产量损失４的污染物阀值。     

黑龙江省气候变化对粮食生产的影响

收集1986~2000年黑龙江省79个县市农业生产资料和30个气象台站逐日气温、降水资料,应用柯布-道格拉斯生产函数方法将粮食产量分解为气候产量和经济产量,然后用EOF方法分析了粮食产量、气候影响程度指数、≥10℃积温、生长季降水的时空变化特征及其关系。结果表明:15年间全省粮食产量稳步增加,气候变暖趋势明显但降水变化不显著,变暖对粮食生产有利,降水的变化未对粮食产量产生实质影响。15年间气候影响程度总体增大,但气候变化及其影响具有时空差异性:1986~1993年北部和西南部积温增加明显,粮食产量增加大于东北部和东南部;1993~2000年东北部和东南部积温增加明显,粮食产量增加超过北部和西南部。