Phylogenetic changes in soil microbial and diazotrophic diversity with application of butachlor

We investigated changes in population and taxonomic distribution of cultivable bacteria and diazotrophs with butachlor application in rice paddy soils. Population changes were measured by the traditional plate-count method, and taxonomic distribution was studied by 16S rDNA sequencing, then maximum parsimony phylogenic analysis with bootstrapping (1,000 replications). The bacterial population was higher after 39 than 7 days of rice cultivation, which indicated the augmentation of soil microbes by rice root exudates. The application of butachlor increased the diazotrophic population in both upper (0–3 cm) and lower (3–15 cm) layers of soils. Especially at day 39, the population of diazotrophs was 1.8 and 1.6 times that of the control in upper and lower layer soils, respectively. We found several bacterial strains only with butachlor application; examples are strains closest to Bacillus arsenicus, B. marisflavi, B. luciferensis, B. pumilus, and Pseudomonas alvei. Among diazotrophs, three strains closely related to Streptomyces sp. or Rhrizobium sp. were found only with butachlor application. The population of cultivable bacteria and the species composition were both changed with butachlor application, which explains in part the contribution of butachlor to augmenting soil nitrogen-fixing ability.     

基于WebGIS的作物病虫害监测预报系统构建

基于WebGIS的主要农作物病虫害预测预报系统,是综合遥感、气象与病虫害模型知识,集成WEBGIS、数据库、ASP.NET等技术建立的全国县级尺度的主要作物病虫害预测预报系统。系统采用B/S(浏览器/服务器)体系结构,达到了在网络平台对空间数据的发布与共享,实现了病虫害预报模型网络化运行和大面积实时的遥感病虫害专题图发布,提高了用户对作物病虫害信息化预测与管理水平,以期达到高效、大面积防治病虫害的目的。     

Effects of root anatomy and Fe plaque on arsenic uptake by rice seedlings grown in solution culture

Hydroponic experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of root anatomy, induced by aeration and stagnation, and Fe plaque on arsenic (III&V) uptake and translocation by rice plants. The results showed that As uptake in rice plants (Gui Chao-2) treated by aeration was decreased due to lower root specific surface area. Rice roots with larger specific surface area tended to form more Fe plaque, and Fe plaque affected As uptake kinetics by changing As influx curves from linear to hyperbolic for As(III) and from hyperbolic to S-curve for As(V). Fe plaque increased As(III&V) adsorption and minimized the effects of root anatomy characteristics on As uptake into roots and subsequently translocation to shoots. Fe plaque increased As(III) uptake rate at As(III) concentrations of 0.5∼8 mg L⁻¹, reduced As(V) uptake rate at low As(V) concentrations (<2 mg L⁻¹), but increased As uptake rate at high As(V) concentrations (>6 mg L⁻¹).     

Effects of ozone on growth, yield and leaf gas exchange rates of four Bangladeshi cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

To assess the effects of tropospheric O₃ on rice cultivated in Bangladesh, four Bangladeshi cultivars (BR11, BR14, BR28 and BR29) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were exposed daily to charcoal-filtered air or O₃ at 60 and 100 nl l⁻¹ (10:00-17:00) from 1 July to 28 November 2008. The whole-plant dry mass and grain yield per plant of the four cultivars were significantly reduced by the exposure to O₃. The exposure to O₃ significantly reduced net photosynthetic rate of the 12th and flag leaves of the four cultivars. The sensitivity to O₃ of growth, yield and leaf gas exchange rates was not significantly different among the four cultivars. The present study suggests that the sensitivity to O₃ of yield of the four Bangladeshi rice cultivars is greater than that of American rice cultivars and is similar to that of Japanese rice cultivars and that O₃ may detrimentally affect rice production in Bangladesh.     

川中丘陵区柏木边坡防护林对相邻农田大型土壤动物群落的影响

为了研究川中丘陵区柏木(Cupressus funebris)边坡防护林对相邻农田中大型土壤动物群落的影响,分别以油菜(Brassica campestris L.)地和玉米(Zea mays L.)地为研究样地,分别调查了有边坡防护林和无边坡防护林农田的大型土壤动物类群数、密度、多样性和生物量。结果显示:共捕获大型土壤动物4 525只,隶属3门8纲18目25科。优势类群为正蚓科、蚁科、链胃蚓科和地幺蚣科,常见类群为铗科、蟋蟀总科、地蜈蚣科、大赤螨科、狼蛛科和跳蛛科。有边坡防护林的农田大型土壤动物类群数、密度、多样性指数和生物量均明显高于无边坡防护林农田(P0.05)。距边坡防护林5 m处的大型土壤动物类群数、密度、多样性指数明显低于0 m处(P0.05)。对大型土壤动物进行功能群划分后发现,边坡防护林明显增加了植食性、捕食性和腐食性土壤动物数量,对杂食性大型土壤动物数量影响不明显。结果表明川中丘陵区柏木边坡防护林促进了相邻农田大型土壤动物群落的发展,但随着距离的增加其对农田大型土壤动物群落的影响逐渐减弱。     

基于APSIM模型的春玉米生育期旱灾损失敏感性定量分析

作物不同生育期旱灾损失敏感性研究对于提高农业干旱监测准确率、采取合理的农业抗旱减灾措施等有重要意义.干旱发生时,农业用水被压缩,充分利用当前可用灌溉水量以取得较好的作物产量效益是农业抗旱减灾中的重点.目前已有研究大多从水分胁迫试验出发,分析不同干旱胁迫对作物产量的影响,定性分析作物各生育期旱灾损失敏感性.由于农田试验样...     

华北地区粮食生产与水供应情势分析

华北地区是我国重要的粮食生产基地,其粮食产量在全国粮食总产中的比重由1949年的22%上升到1998年的29.6%。灌溉是保证该区粮食高产稳产的重要保证。华北地区目前用水处于严重紧张状态,1997年人均综合用水量为315m3,农业是用水大户,工农业用水比为1∶5,水资源供需的主要矛盾在农业。华北地区水资源利用率高达98.5%,整体供水潜力所剩无几;随着工业和城镇的发展,农业用水分额将继续减少;同时,受频繁的旱涝灾害、日益严重的水污染和大面积的地下水位下降的影响,农业供水保证率将进一步降低。分析指出,若无连续丰水年和外调水源的补给,要继续保证或发展本区的粮食生产规模,本区的农业用水情势有恶化之势,急需研究并制定出解决本区粮食生产和水资源供给不足矛盾的办法。     

秸秆气化商业化发展的驱动与制约因素分析

秸秆气化是一项方兴未艾的新兴生物质能源利用技术,而在秸秆资源气化的商业化发展过程中,明显的驱动因素和不利的制约因素并存。论文在调研后认为,其驱动因素包括:农户对包括秸秆燃气在内的高品位能源具有较强的需求;有利于治理污染和保护环境,缓解国家商品能源供应压力等明显的外部性效益;政府在初始阶段对秸秆资源的重视和推动。其制约因素包括:由于秸秆燃气价格偏低,提价可能性小,燃气用户规模小,用途单一,秸秆气化站初始投资较高,使得秸秆气化站的经济效益尚不明显;政府扶持过程中暴露出非市场行为的缺陷;秸秆气化技术的成熟性与实用性不强,秸秆气化设备及施工验收体系的标准化不够完善。     

客土覆盖对降低放射性锶在作物中积累的效应

采用模拟污染物的同位素示踪技术研究了客土覆盖对降低大豆和白菜(尤其是作物的可食用部分)中⁸⁹Sr积累的效应.结果表明客土覆盖能有效降低大豆和后茬白菜对⁸⁹Sr的吸收和积累,当客土覆盖深度为9cm时,豆籽、豆壳、豆秸和豆根中⁸⁹Sr比活度分别下降了82.8%、56.4%、38.7%和66.5%,后茬白菜下降了68.8%;作物中吸收积累的⁸⁹Sr比活度随客土覆盖深度的增加而下降,实验数据线性回归分析表明两者间呈显著线性负相     

南京3类不同大气污染过程下气溶胶水溶性无机离子的特征研究

为了探讨不同大气污染过程下气溶胶中水溶性离子组分的差异,分析比较了2009年10月16～30日持续污染、2010年4月27～30日沙尘污染、2010年6月14日秸秆焚烧污染这3次污染过程中气溶胶（PM10、PM2.1和PM1.1）及主要水溶性离子（NH4＋、Mg2＋、Ca2＋、Na＋、K＋、NO2-、F-、NO3-、Cl-、SO24-）质量浓度及其谱分布.结果发现,3次污染过程中气溶胶污染严重,PM2.1/PM10比值有明显区别,其中沙尘污染过程最低,平均值仅为0.27;秸秆焚烧过程最高,为0.7.持续污染过程中NO3-和SO24-浓度较高,总阴离子质量浓度占PM10、PM2.1和PM1.1的18.62%、32.92%和33.53%.沙尘污染过程使气溶胶中的不溶物增加,总水溶性离子组分减少,仅占PM10、PM2.1和PM1.1的13.36%、23.72%和28.54%,而Ca2＋质量浓度高于其他时期,且主要分布在〉1μm粒径段上.秸秆焚烧过程中各种水溶性无机离子质量浓度均高于其他时期,但在气溶胶中比例较低;示踪物K＋明显高于其他过程.3次污染过程中NO3-、SO24-和NH4＋质量浓度峰值均在0.43～0.65μm粒径段.